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Modern East Asia

Modern East Asia. 28.0 | As stated . Modern China 1839- 1949. The Opium War Britain’s unfavorable balance of trade British goods to India; Indian cotton to China; Chinese tea to Britain Silver flowed TO China Britain replaced Indian cotton with Indian opium

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Modern East Asia

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  1. Modern East Asia 28.0 | As stated

  2. Modern China 1839-1949 • The Opium War • Britain’s unfavorable balance of trade • British goods to India; Indian cotton to China; Chinese tea to Britain • Silver flowed TO China • Britain replaced Indian cotton with Indian opium • The balance of trade was reversed • China banned the evil opium in 1836 • Canton destroys 6 month’s supply of opium 1839 • Britain declares war 1839 • Its modernized army crushed the Chinese: Treaty of Nanjing 1842 • Hong Kong • Cities in the far east became hubs for Western trade • Hong Kong as example; other cities to follow by US, France, et cetera

  3. Rebellions against the Manchu 1850-73 • Absolutely catastrophic and unrecognized as one of the most devastating periods of conflict in human history • WWII: c. 50-60 million • Nain, Muslim, and Taiping Rebellions: c. 60 million • The Taipings • Influenced by Protestant ideas • Their leader believed he was the brother of Jesus • His Christian duty was to purge China of all non-Christians • Qing (Manchu) Dynasty too weak to respond • Nain and Muslim uprisings (Uyghur)

  4. The Scholars save China • Reform movements sprung up to implement cooperation • Avoid autonomy and a “warring states period” • Western powers invited in to remodel and stabilize China • Rebellion put down by 1873 • The cost? • Britain and France exert influence for their efforts • Treaty ports: Chinese ports owned by Western powers and free from Chinese rule • Unregulated dumping of Western goods FAVORABLE balance of trade • Domestic industries crushed: unable to compete • Pressure from Russia, Japan, and France strained the empire • Korea “freed” by Japan 1876 • French Indochina 1893

  5. Pressure and Nationalism • Economic and political encroachment led to nationalist zeal in China • The Boxer [Righteous and Harmonious Fists] Rebellion 1898 • Attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians [West intervenes] • Europe/US won a huge settlement and stationed troops • Russia received Manchuria from China • Reforms sweep China to fix its problems • Nationalist China: Received support from the newly reformed USSR 1923 • Leninism’s “cult of personality” atop a strong reform-based state [Chiang Kai-shek] • Divided camp: The Chinese Communist Party was also popular

  6. China divided • Chiang Kai-Shek’s “people’s principles” • Nationality, livelihood, and rights • Began march north to unify Chinese parties • Killing and dispersing of communist forces • Fled to the mountains to hide • By 1928 Nationalist forces were mostly recognized • Pockets of “warlords” and communist forces existed however • 1934-5 Communists’ Long March • Unifying communist forces to confront Chiang K-S • Mao Zedong wrests control of CCP from the Leninist elitists • Communism by the peasant; for the peasant

  7. Communism Takes China • WWII put the conflict on hold to fight Japan • 1945 the conflict erupts again: Chiang K-S’s advantage • US-backed and USSR recognized • The better-motivated Maoist troops [PRC] push Nationalist forces south • All the way to Taiwan, where they remain (Republic of China)

  8. Modern Japan 1853-1945 • The overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate • Its isolationist policy ended with Matthew Perry 1853 • Intimidation and demands • Rapid Westernization and industrialization • The Meji State 1868-1890 • Centralization of Power: Edo reborn as Tokyo • Breaking of hegemonic shogunate tradition • Adopted a Prussian-style constitution and military state • Emperor remained a figurehead • Unshackled and expansive economy • Farmers could pursue what they wished; samurai could farm • Fertilizers and farm equipment imported: production doubled

  9. Exploding into the Modern • Phase 1 • Modeled Western industries develop • Phase 2 • Railroad and industry expansion [same problems that West had] • Miles of railroad 1872: 18 • 1894: 2,100 • 1934: 14,500 • Phase 3 • Modernization of society • Banking systems and health care • Phase 4 • Great Depression hurt Japan but recovery was quick • Military production expanded [navy]

  10. Japanese Imperial Politics • The Sino-Japanese War 1894-5 • Japan annexes Korea from China [1910] + economic advantages • Involvement in Boxer Rebellion • Acting like a Western nation • Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 • Japan seen as “equal” in alliance with Britain • Britain wanted to protect its Eastern interests • The Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 • Japan single-handedly crushes a Western nation • Gains Manchuria and catapulted to Imperial level • Begins establishing colonies [Pacific] • Dangerous militarism • War with China again 1937; Tripartite Pact with Nazi’s 1940

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