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Nutrition during Childhood

Nutrition during Childhood. Growth Nutrient needs Nutritional concerns Feeding skills Food preferences Division of feeding responsibility parents child School and nutrition Eating Pattern Messages. Growth. Period of _____________ (until adolescence)

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Nutrition during Childhood

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  1. Nutrition during Childhood • Growth • Nutrient needs • Nutritional concerns • Feeding skills • Food preferences • Division of feeding responsibility • parents • child • School and nutrition • Eating Pattern Messages

  2. Growth • Period of _____________ (until adolescence) • Widevariations expected in rate of growth, body size, physical activity, nutrient intake • Once established, growth percentiles should track for _________________ • BMI-for-age, however, should _______________

  3. Nutrient Needs 1-3 YO 4-6 YO 7-10 YO 70) Kcal/kg/ 90 (102 day Kcal/day 1046 1742 2279 Pro/kg/d 0.95 1.1 0.95 Protein/d 13 g 19 g 34 g

  4. Nutrient Needs 1-3 YO 4-8 YO 9-13 YO Calcium* Iron 700 mg 1000 mg 1300 mg 7 mg 10 mg 8 mg Fiber Zinc 19 g 25 g 31/26 g Folic acid 3 mg 5 mg 8 mg Vit. D* 150 μg 200 μg 300 μg Vit. E 600 IU 600 IU 600 IU 6 mg 7 mg 11 mg *National Academy of Sciences. (2011) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, Institute of Medicine, November 2010. See www.iom.edu/vitaminD for more information.

  5. Nutrient Needs • Energy • varies child-to-child and day-to-day • Protein • vegan children: • Calcium • ________ • wound healing, appetite, immunity, growth • Trace elements, vitamins

  6. Nutrient Needs • Fat • Do NOT • 1-3 YO: • 4-18 YO: • Fiber • 14 g/1000 kc • Fluids • since 1970s: _____ vs. sodas and noncitrus juices • only ___% of school children do not drink soda!!

  7. Nutritional Concerns • Iron-deficiency anemia • more common: • physical and mental development • immune resistance • Dental caries • Constipation

  8. Nutritional Concerns • Lead poisoning • Food security • Food safety • smaller body size increases risk • Overweight/obesity • steadily increasing since 1970s

  9. Predictors of Overweight/Obesity • gestational diabetes • __________ obesity • early • (<5.5 YO) • lowest BMI ~4-6 YO • low • lower • ________ food restriction • forbidden foods and guilt

  10. Characteristics of Overweight Children • taller • “older” bones • earlier sexual maturity • risks for obesity consequences (chronic disease) • Type 2 diabetes • concerns with dieting start ever younger

  11. What to do? • seek energy balance • support innatefood regulation • physical activity • change habits as a family • focus on ________, not weight loss

  12. Stages of Childhood

  13. Feeding Skills • most skills mature by • cup management • finger (pincer) grasp • less risk of • able to cut foods by

  14. Food Preferences • “I like…” • :-) • :-( • :-| • single foods • mixture of • temperature • mild flavors • colorful! • familiar • jags and rituals are

  15. Division of Feeding Responsibility--Facts • Children willeat • Children are capable of • Children generally react negatively to new foods but • Parents can either support or disrupt their child’s food acceptance and regulation • Both ____________ and ____________ are harmful

  16. Division of Feeding Responsibility—Toddler+ • Parent is responsible for: • Childis responsible for:

  17. Tips for Parents • select and buy appropriate food • make and present meals • regulate time of meals and snacks • present food in appropriate form • don’t be a short-order cook • be realistic about portions • don’t make dessert a reward • keep mealtimes pleasant • help child participate in meals • help child feed if necessary • maintain standards of behavior at table

  18. Miscellaneous • Vegetables • keep trying without fighting • model good intake • Adjust portion sizes smaller • ______ per year of age for f/v • Encourage calcium intake • remember alternatives to milk • Plan meals and snacks

  19. School Considerations • Breakfast— • Establish healthful lifestyles • School meals • NSLP: nutrition, education • “Enemies” or “Allies”: • ____________________ • competitive foods • ____________________ • follow guidelines • ___________ opportunities • intake better if lunch is after

  20. Recommendations/Goals • DRIs for infants: • all are AIs • DRIs for other stages: • mix of AIs and RDAs • Healthy People 2010 goals • read lists in text

  21. Eating Pattern Messages: 1-2 YOs • Encourage drinking from a cup • Let your child decide how much food to eat • Offer a fruit and/or vegetable at each meal and snack • Give your child whole milk until age two • Offer cheese, cereal, and fruit for snacks • Cut foods into pieces smaller than a dime to prevent choking • Eat meals together and talk

  22. Eating Pattern Messages: 2-5 YOs • Switch to skim or 1% milk • Let your child decide how much food to eat • Offer a fruit and/or vegetable at each meal and snack • Offer cheese, raisins, cereal, and fruit for snacks • Cut foods into pieces smaller than a dime to prevent choking • Offer foods at least 10 times before deciding your child doesn’t like them • Encourage physical activity throughout the day • Eat meals together and talk

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