Nutrition (Early age to Adolescence)

1. Promoting Health in Care Practice Nutrition (Early age to Adolescence) Presented by Students: 1216087;1281747 & 1285441

2. Nutrition for young children up to Adolescents Introduction Background How do people perceive Health? Evidence that nutritional problems exist within this group

3. Evidence Sex and Race/Ethnicity – Milk intake

4. Evidence Sex and Race/Ethnicity – Fruit & Vegetables

5. Evidence Sex and Age – Micro-nutrients intake

6. Health inequalities Social class & health inequalities Material deprivation Cultural deprivation

7. Effects of Nutritional problems High blood cholesterol Osteoporosis Type- two diabetes Overweight Not having breakfast can affect children’s intellectual performance. Food insufficiency in children is associated with poor behavioural and academic functioning. Iron deficiency

8. Effects of Nutritional problems More examples include: poor resistance to infection with proneness to constipation. Delayed growth. Dental disease and decay. Children’s learning abilities can be affected because of poor concentration, tiredness or hyperactivity. Children’s behaviour can therefore be affected due to their lack of energy and poor concentration.

9. Concepts of Health How does the following affect nutrition in the group: “young children to adolescents”? - Culture/Ethnicity - Geography - Class - Age Sex (Dare, A. 2002)

10. Health Promotion An important function of health promotion is the prevention of disease. Level of prevention of disease are: Primordial prevention: Prevention of health problem by action at the earliest stage in the society.( e.g. control of importing of product damaging to health.) Primary prevention: Encourage good practices which promote health and reduce the risk of disease.( e.g. good diet, exercise, breastfeeding etc) Secondary prevention: Action to detect early signs of disease (e.g. screening services) and take appropriate action to minimize the risk of permanent damage to health Tertiary prevention: Improve quality of life by rehabilitation at the late stage of a disease. Walley J. , Wright J. & Hubley J.(2001).

11. Health Strategies & Government Solutions EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR, COMMUNICATION, SERVICES, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY

12. EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR, COMMUNICATION, SERVICE, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY

13. EXAMPLES OF HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES FOR, COMMUNICATION, SERVICE, IMPROVEMENT AND POLICY

14. TARGETS AND INTERVENTIONS • The national Health School Standards recognise that a whole- school approach to health eating is effective in bring about lasting change In school eating habits and creating a healthier food culture. • Whole- school nutrition policy encourages formation of school food committee made of a range of stakeholders such as; school children, caterers, parents, staff , and health professionals to maintain healthier food culture in schools and promotion of health foods by: • Providing healthy foods, vending machines of healthy drinks. • Target for breakfast clubs. • Target for cooking-skills. • Encouraging physical activities, etc.

15. CONSTRAINTS/LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCESS OF INTERVENTION • Lack of funding to improve school meals and facilities.( e.g. enough vegetables and fruits, playing fields, school kitchen etc). • Lack of training for people who are involved in promoting health in schools. • Food poverty, affordability and access to health, varied food have been barriers to people on a low income eating health diets. (Prices of vegetables and fruits are very high). (www.thechildren’snutritionactionplan.co.uk)

16. Models within Health Promotion Empowerment model of health promotion: Based on emphasising the roles between education and public health policy Principles of empowerment: -Education -Involvement of practitioners -Access to healthcare -Access to information and resources -Choice

17. Models within Health Promotion Medical Model - Place the responsibility of a healthier life on individuals Radical Model - Attempts to tackle unequal distribution of health and disease at a social rather than an individual level Social Marketing Approaches - Emphasise the use of commercial marketing type strategies, in persuading target groups to adopt more healthy social practices and eating habits

18. Conclusion The WHO Constitution states that: “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being, without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic- or social condition” (http://www.who.int/research)

19. Conclusion Evaluation Efficiency of Government solutions & Health Strategies

20. Conclusion Barriers to accessing health services The cost of health care Opportunity (time) Accessibility Reliable information Advertising Quality of services

21. Conclusion Suggestions -Secure access to healthy food for people -Access to plots where people can grow their own fruit and vegetables Promote dietary and lifestyle changes Empower people through education Lower the cost of fruit and vegetables

22. References Books Adams, L, Amos, M & Munro, J (2002) Promoting Health – Politics & Practice, SAGE Publications: London Black, D. & Townsend, P and Davidson, N. (1992) Inequalities in health, the Black Report, Harmondworth: Penguin Dare, A (2002) A Practical Guide to Child Nutrition (2nd ed), Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ltd  Fieldhouse, P. (2002), Food and Nutrition, Nelson Thornes Ltd: United Kingdom Giddens, A. (2006) Sociology, Polity Press: Cambridge Insel, P.M. & Roth, W.T. (2000), Core Concepts in Health, eighth edition, Mayfield Publishing Company: Stanford University Trowler P. (1989) Sociology in Action: Investigating Health, Welfare and Poverty. London. Collins Educational. Walley J., Wright J. and Hubley, J. (2001) Public Health. Oxford university press. British Nutrition Foundation 2004 National Survey of Young People 2006 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, 2005

23. References Internet http://www.bbc.co.uk/health http://www.bmj.com http://www.nutrition.org.uk http://www.thebritishmedicalassociation.co.uk http://www.thechildrensnutrionactionplan.co.uk http://www.who.int/research http://www.wikipedia.org