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Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies. Course Materials. Introduction to Gene Regulations Introduction to mouse models Introduction to transgenic techniques Examples: VEGF gene regulation and pathologic development. Transgenic Technology. Part 1 : Basis of classic transgenics Part 2 :
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Course Materials • Introduction to Gene Regulations • Introduction to mouse models • Introduction to transgenic techniques • Examples: VEGF gene regulation and pathologic development
Transgenic Technology Part 1: Basis of classic transgenics Part 2: Gene Targeting Part 3: Applications
Part 1 Transgenic Technology
What’s transgenic? • Narrow Definition:Artifacial insertion of DNA fragment into genome • Broad Definition:Artifacial modification of genome, including insertion, mutation and deletion
Importance of Transgenic Technology Basic Research • Gene regulation,promoter function • Gene expression tracing(Knockout,Gene Trap) • Cell tracing,tumor cell labeling • Functional study,embryonic, developmental and pathological Commercial • Protein product • Low cost • Disease model • Organ donor • Strain improvement • Gene Therapy
Common Techniques Used for Making Transgenic animals • Most Comkon :Pronuclei DNA injection,random insertion,low predictability,variable • Sperm associated DNA transduction,low repetibility • Transposons, not common • Viral infection:High efficiency,less random,limited DNA size,safety consern • Embryonic stem cell/Blastocyst microinjection:Gene targeting, only for mice • Nuclear transpalntation/animal cloning/only way to generate targeted modification. High cost and low efficiency
真核基因结构与调节 • 真核基因结构:启动子(promoter),外显子(exon),内含子(intron),polyA信号, 活化信号(enhancers), 沉默信号(silencers),封闭区(Insulators) • 转录因子(transcription factors),活化因子(activators),抑制因子(inhibitors) • 真核mRNA结构:Cap, 5’非编码区(5’-UT), 编码区(coding region),3’非编码区(3’-UT), polyA • 组织专一性调节(tissue-specific) • 发育阶段调节(developmental) • 诱导性调节(inducible) • 转录后调节: mRNA剪接和修饰, mRNA的稳定性,蛋白质合成效率,蛋白质半衰期
Transcription Translation CCAAT box TATA box Enhancer Exon I Intron I Exon II Exon I 5’UT 5’-UTR 3’-UTR AAAAAAAAA GG 3’-UT II IV III IV AATAAA Gene Structure … mRNAstructure
Transgenic Construct • Selection for promoters • cDNA • Poly A • Introns and insulators • Construct design
Promoter • Tissue-specific:研究基因调节,启动子的功能,或调节其它基因的表达。如果用于调节其它基因,一定要查询启动子在转基因动物应用方面的文献,了解启动子的完整性 • High expression:用于高表达某个基因,调节其它基因,或高表达后蛋白的生产 • Universal expression:显示基因细胞标记,基因调节研究 • Inducible:用于基因调节,有毒蛋白表达,致命基因的可逆调控等 • Conbination:可诱导,高表达,组织专一,构成基因调节系统,用于调节基因或高表达蛋白
Types of cDNAs • Reporters: lacZ, GFP,CAT, AP等 • Regulators: Cre, ER-Cre, tTA, PTX等 • Protein function:蛋白突变体的表达 • Gene splicing:研究外显子、内含子功能 • Commercial gene:药用蛋白,改良基因等 • Functional gene: 基因治疗,干细胞移植等 • Non-coding:基因治疗,如siRNA
LacZ and GFP 半乳糖干酶显示基因(lacZ)-基因表达组织定位 绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)-活体细胞追踪
Parts of transgenic construct • poly A:stable mRNA • poly A: SV40 poly A, -Globin poly A • First Intron:-Globin • Insulator:Chicken beta-globin gene • Loxp, FRT, tetO
Typical transgene 翻译起始点 转录起始点 基因A启动子 CCAAT box TATA box Enhancer 基因B cDNA 基因C polyA 拼接区域: 5’-UT 3’-UT
(Founders)detection • Check for insertion: • PCR • Southern • Copy:Real time PCR • mRNA expression: • RT-PCR • Northern • Protein Expression: • Reporter:lacZ,GFP,AP • Functional analysis • Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Mouse Characteristics Great immune system,high efficiency of propagation,small size,the most economic animal model Variety of phenotypes,genome sequenced,classical mammal model Long genetic study history, hundreds of inbred strains Gestation19-21days Sex maturity:4-6 week Estrus: as short as 5 days Body weight of adults: 20-50g Pregnancy average 5-6 times Litter size: 6-14 pups
Mouse Requirement for Transgenic Production • SPF facility,High fat, high protein feed(breeder chows) • Egg donor:4-6week old F1 femals (C57B6xCBA or DBA),10-12 each time,ywice a week. • Stuck males: 20-24 2-12 month old F1 males (C57B6xCBA or DBA). • Recipient:50-100 2-6 month old (CD1, Kunming) • Stuck male:Vecectomysed (C57B6xCBA or DBA) or (CD1)males,2-18months old
Steps of making Transgenic mice • Construct, remove vector • Superovulation,set mating,collect E0.5 egg • DNA microinjection • Overnight culture • Embryo transfer • Tail and numbering • Detection, mating • Expression analysis
转基因鼠建立时间表 F1出生 注射 出生 分窝 传代 分窝 分析 0 1 2 3 4 5 时间 (月) 孕期 孕期 转基因鼠 鉴定 性成熟 传代 鉴定 出生率 30-50% 转基因比率 15-50% 传代效率 ~90% 性成熟
Related Data • PMSF and HCG superovulation • Donor egg,100-200 each time • DNA concentration for injection: 2ng/ul • Embryo transfer back to recipient: 20-30 • PCR or Southern to detect founders, 15-50%, random insertion,copy 1 to over 100 • First generation(F1) 0-100%,some may integrate at 2 cell stage, some may have more than one insertion locus • Second generation,Mendel inheritance, 50% • Characterization, E10 to 5 months
Discussion • 有限的启动子信息,不完全的启动子,造成基因不表达或表达于错误的组织 • DNA插入的随机性,多拷贝性,不表达,低表达,鼠系间差异 • 转基因受插入位点的影响及封闭区(insulaters)序列的发现 • 基因高表达可能造成的毒性,得不到转基因鼠或只有不表达的转基因鼠系(founders) • 第一个内含子的重要性 • 转基因片段的大小: • 2kb到mb • 大部分2-10kb,容易注射 • P1质粒(PAC),70kb左右,黏度大 • 细菌人工染色体BAC,120kb左右, 黏度更大 • 酵母人工染色体YAC,500kb-1mb大小,非常难 • 同时注射两个以上的转基因: 效率高,一般插入同一位点 • 多拷贝插入方式:头尾相接 • 拷贝数与表达水平之间的关系:表达水平与拷贝数无紧密关联,多数拷贝被甲基化及有限的转录因子浓度 • 影响转基因成功与否的其它因素:DNA的浓度(2-3ng/ul), 纯度,如嗅化乙锭和EDTA含量等 • 载体DNA对转基因表达的影响:不稳定 • C57/BL6纯系转基因鼠受精卵注射
Transgenic Technology Part 1: Basis of classic transgenics Part 2: Gene Targeting Part 3: Applications
Part 2:Gene Targeting Theory Technique Application
Importance of Gene Targeting • Gene function study:Gene knockout is first choice to identify function for genes predicted from whole genome sequencing • Gene Regulation:More accurate control, more confirmative results, better disease models • Due to the stability and predictability, better for protein production or human gene replacement • Major progress in Gene Therapy and Regeneration Medicine
小鼠早期发育示意图 3.5天
干细胞的特性 • Projenitor cells • Can duplicate, few division, uneven division • Stem cells • 可以分化成一种或多种组织器官,可以不断增殖的少数细胞 • Embryonic stem cell (ES) Can develop into any tissues, whole body • Source of ES cells: Inner cell mass (ICM) Strain:129SV/jae, fewer from C57/BL6 Coat color:Brown (129), Black (C57/BL6) Sex:Male, more stable
Targeting strategy • Vector design • Conditional construction • Reporter knocking • Tissue-specific for study gene regulation • Universal expression: functional studies
Wild type alelle 1 2 3 Basic Targeting Vector X X Vector 1 NEO 3 TK After recombination 1 NEO 3
Conditional knockout Wild type FRT FRT Vector NEO TK loxP loxP Flipase to remove NEO FRT loxP Tissue-specific Cre to inactivate gene FRT
Steps for targeting • ES cell isolation and culture • Targeting vector construction • ES electroporation and selection for recombination • ES cell injection • Chimera production and mating • Heterologous mice generation • Homozygous generation • Function analysis
Chimera Mating • Chimera(Founders) • ES come from 129 strain,brown mice (agouti) • C57/BL6blastocyst (black) • ES,coat color can tell how much ES get integrated • 40-100% male chimera mate with C57/BL6 female • 6 week old chimera male with two C57/BL6female, female changed every week. • Look for brown mice
Comparison of Trangenic and targeting procedures 电击筛选 囊胚注射 子宫移植 输卵管移植 代孕鼠 Founder的产生 传代,分析
LacZ-Neo (GEO) Gene B-like Expression possible No Expression Gene A Gene B (Gene Trapping) Gene C
启动子 外显子 lacZ pA 剪接受体 被随机捕捉的基因 转录产物 用Inverse PCR、序列分析确认被捕捉基因 从基因捕捉库筛选出基因进行囊胚注射 基因捕捉可以做为基因敲除的替代 PGK neoR pA 电转干细胞,筛选neoR 基因功能分析
核移植技术与大动物克隆 • 供体细胞核 • 越胚性越容易成功,如胚胎成纤维细胞 • 细胞分裂状态:分裂静止期 • 受体细胞 • 超排卵 • 去细胞核 • 核移植 • 核显微注射 • 诱导发育 • 目前还存在问题
转基因动物发展趋势 • 以研究为导向,以技术突破为核心 • 以应用为目标,以加速技术转化为宗旨 • DNA序列解析加速基因功能的解析 • 小动物为研究材料,大动物为生物反应器 • 干细胞、克隆技术进一步成熟 • 在疾病治疗、品种改良方面扩展、深入 • 由间接的转基因药物到直接的基因治疗、器官移植 • 从人们对转基因食品的不接受到转基因制品管理的逐步完善 • 转基因技术与基因定位技术的有机结合,对启动子特性的不断了解,在组织专一性,可诱导性方面将更加精确 • 大动物转基因技术的不断完善,商业应用将更为普遍,如品种改良,蛋白药抗体药生产等 • RNAi在转基因动物和基因治疗方面的应用 • 转基因技术对人类生存将产生更为深远的影响,人们对转基因产品的认识将不断发生改变,相应的政策法规将得到进一步完善
干细胞研究的进展与前景 • 第一个人干细胞来源于人胚胎 • 定向分化后的干细胞可以用于治疗 • Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) • 病人特异性干细胞可以通过基因诱导获得:Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc • 病人特异性干细胞可以通过核移植获得 • 需要解决问题: • 诱导干细胞与正常干细胞的差异 • 表观遗传学问题 • 定向诱导分化问题 • 安全问题
核移植和大动物克隆的应用前景 成本高,目前主要用于品种改良,器官移植等商业价值较高的方面 最近已经成功用于干细胞生产,有望将来用于临床再生治疗 理论上可行,实际上还有很多问题,但它是唯一的大动物基因修饰途径