NERACA DAN CATATAN ATAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN

1. Bab 3 NERACA DAN CATATAN ATAS LAPORAN KEUANGAN BY BETRI SIRAJUDDIN

2. KOMPONEN NERACA Manfaat Ekonomi Masa Depan Walaupun neraca menyajikan hasil dari transaksi dan kejadian masa lalu, tujuan utama neraca adalah prediksi masa depan

3. KOMPONEN NERACA Bentuk harta dalam neraca seperti kas, perlengkapan, piutang, tanah, bangunan dan peralatan.

4. KOMPONEN NERACA “Obligasi” mencakup komitmen legal, moral, sosial dan kewajiban yang tersirat Liability Kemungkinan pengorbanan manfaat ekonomi di masa depan yang timbul dari kewajiban sekarang dari suatu entitas untuk mengalihkan aktiva atau menyediakan jasa kepada entitas lain pada masa yang akan datang sebagai hasil dari transaksi atau kejadian di masa lalu Kewajiban

5. KOMPONEN NERACA Kewajiban terdiri dari utang yang jumlahnya diukur dengan satuan uang seperti utang usaha dan utang jangka panjang

6. KOMPONEN NERACA Harta - Hutang = Ekuitas Ekuitas Sisa kepemillikan atas aktiva dari suatu entitas setelah dikurangi kewajiban-kewajibannya. Modal disetor Saham Biasa Laba ditahan

7. KLASIFIKASI NERACA • Aktiva lancar (kurang dari 1 tahun) • Aktiva tidak lancar (lebih dari 1 tahun) • Kewajiban lancar • Kewajiban tidak lancar • Ekuitas Pemilik

8. Modal Kerja Modal kerja adalah selisih antara aktiva lancar dan kewajiban lancar. Adalah cadangan likuid yang tersedia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keuangan masa depan

9. Aktiva lancar Aktiva lancar yang umum adalah kas, piutang dan persediaan. Siklus operasi yang normal berlangsung lebih dari satu tahun dalam praktek periode satu tahun. • KasCash • Piutang • Perlengkapan • Aktiva lancar lain

10. Siklus Operasi Kas Penagihan Pembelian Persediaan Piutang Penjualan

11. Aktiva Tidak Lancar • Investasi • Properti • Pabrik & peralatan • Aktiva pajak penghasilan tangguhan

12. Properti, Pabrik dan Peralatan Properti, Pabrik dan Peralatan adalah properti berwujud dan relatif permanen dan umum digunakan dalam operasi bisnis yang normal

13. Harta Tidak Berwujud Harta tidak berwujud adalah hak jangka panjang yang diperoleh perusahaan yang tidak berbentuk fisik dan digunakan dalam operasi perusahaan

14. Kewajiban Lancar Current liabilities are obligations expected to be paid using current assets or by creating other current liabilities. Secara umum jika suatu kewajiban diharapkan dapat dibayar dalam waktu 12 bulan maka diklasifikasikan sebagai kewajiban lancar • Utang usaha dan wesel bayar • Beban yang harus dibayar • Bagian lancar kewajiban jangka panjang • Kewajiban lancar lain

15. Kewajiban yang dapat Ditarik Kewajiban yang harus dibayar sesuai dengan keinginan kreditor dan tidak ada tanggal jatuh tempo yang jelas.

16. Kewajiban Tidak Lancar Kewajiban yang tidak diharapkan akan dibayar dalam 12 bulan. Dikelompokan seperti utang jangka panjang, kewajiban sewa jangka panjang, kewajiban pajak penghasilan tangguhan dan kewajian tidak lancar lainnya

17. Kewajiban Tidak Lancar Hutangjangkapanjang (Long-term debt) disajikanpadanilaisekarang yang didiskontokan

18. Contingent Liabilities Aktivitasataukondisimasalaludapatmenimbulkankemungkinanterjadinyautangmasadepanwalaupunkewajibantersebuttidakterdapatpadatanggalneraca. Kemungkinanadanyaklaim ..

19. Contingent Liabilities Berbedadengankewajibanestimasi. Yang sudahjelas, hanyajumahnya yang masihdipertanyaan.

20. Ekuitas Pemilik (Owners’ Equity) • Contributed Capital: • Capital stock • Additional paid-in capital

21. Owners’ Equity Capital stock usually is the number of shares issued multiplied by the par or stated value. • Contributed Capital: • Capital stock • Additional paid-in capital

22. Owners’ Equity The two types of capital stock are preferred and common. • Contributed Capital: • Capital stock • Additional paid-in capital

23. Owners’ Equity Additional paid-in capital is the excess invested above par or stated value of the capital stock. • Contributed Capital: • Capital stock • Additional paid-in capital

24. Owners’ Equity Retained earnings is the amount of undistributed earnings of past periods.

25. Large Retained Earnings Balances for the Year 2000 Company Name Retained Earnings Exxon Mobil $81,463,000,000 General Electric 59,072,000,000 Citigroup 58,116,000,000 PSINet –5,894,000,000 Nextel –6,554,000,000 Excite@Home –9,125,000,000

26. Other Equity X Corporation Common Stock Par $10 When a company buys back its own shares, the repurchased shares are called treasury stock.

27. Other Equity X Corporation Common Stock Par $10 Treasury shares can be retired, or they can be retained and reissued later.

28. Other Equity The FASB requires companies to summarize changes in owners’ equity exclusive of net income and contributions by and distributions to owners. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities are shown as a separate equity item. Some of the unrealized gains and losses from the fluctuations in the value of derivatives are reported as part of accumulated other comprehensive income. Adjustments arising from the change in the equity of foreign subsidiaries (as measured in U.S. dollars) resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates are shown in the equity section.

29. Format of the Balance Sheet Generally, assets and liabilities are presented in their order of liquidity. Some industries with significant investments in land and buildings will list these items first on the balance sheet. Generally, a balance sheet is presented in comparative form, including data from both the current year and the previous year.

30. Format of the Balance Sheet Foreign balance sheets are frequently presented with property, plant and equipment listed first. Foreign balance sheets frequently list the current assets and current liabilities together.

31. Evaluating Liquidity • Current Ratio: current assets divided by current liabilities • Quick Ratio: quick assets divided by current liabilities (Acid-Test Ratio)

32. Liquidity Ratios Example $200 $100 Current Assets Current Liabilities Current Ratio Cash $ 30 Net Accounts Receivable 70 Inventory 100 Current Assets $200 Current Liabilities 100 = 2:1

33. $100 $100 Quick Assets Current Liabilities Liquidity Ratios Example Cash $ 30 Net Accounts Receivable 70 Inventory 100 Current Assets $200 Current Liabilities 100 Cash $ 30 Net Accounts Receivable 70 Inventory 100 Current Assets $200 Current Liabilities 100 Quick Ratio = 1:1

34. Current Ratio Coke McDonald’s 0.8 Microsoft 3.6 Disney 1.1 Coca-Cola 0.9 Ebay 4.9

35. Overall Leverage $300 $400 Total Liabilities Total Assets Debt Ratio: total liabilities divided by total assets. Total Assets $400 Total Liabilities 300 = 75%

36. Debt Ratio Coke McDonald’s 57.9% Microsoft 20.2% Disney 48.1% Coca-Cola 49.3% Ebay 14.9%

37. Asset Mix Property, Plant, and Equipment Total Assets $50 $400 The percentage of total assets in each asset category. Property, Plant, and Equipment $ 50 Total Assets 400 = 12.5%

38. Asset Mix—PP&E Coke McDonald’s 76.7% Microsoft 3.9% Disney 29.5% Coca-Cola 19.9% Ebay 8.5%

39. Efficiency $200 $400 Sales Total Assets “Asset Turnover” is a financial ratio measuring how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate sales. Sales $200 Total Assets 400 = 0.50

40. Asset Turnover Coke McDonald’s 0.66 Microsoft 0.43 Disney 0.58 Coca-Cola 0.90 Ebay 0.45

41. Overall Profitability $40 $400 Net Income Total Assets Two ratios that measure overall profitability are “Return on Assets” and “Return on Equity.” Net Income $ 40 Total Assets 400 Stockholders’ Equity 160 Return on Assets = 10.0%

42. Return on Assets Coke McDonald’s 7.3% Microsoft 12.4% Disney –4.0% Coca-Cola 17.7% Ebay 5.4%

43. Overall Profitability $40 $160 Net Income Stockholders’ Equity Two ratios that measure overall profitability are “Return on Assets” and “Return on Equity.” Net Income $ 40 Total Assets 400 Stockholders’ Equity 160 Return on Equity = 0.25%

44. Return on Equity Coke McDonald’s 17.3% Microsoft 15.5% Disney –.7% Coca-Cola 34.9% Ebay 6.3%

45. Notes to Financial Statements • Summary of significant accounting policies. • Additional information to support summary totals. • Information about items not included in financial statements. • Supplementary information required by the FASB or the SEC to fulfill the full-disclosure principle.

46. Subsequent Events Balance Sheet Date Date Statements Issued Financial Statement Period Subsequent Period Events in this period may affect the reporting of events in this period.

47. Subsequent Events Balance Sheet Date Date Statements Issued Financial Statement Period Subsequent Period • Types of Events • Ones that materially affect one or more financial • statements. • Ones that create a need for a footnote.

48. Limitations of the Balance Sheet • Does not disclose actual value of the entity. • Does not disclose effects of inflation. • Classifications are not uniform among companies. • Does not disclose all assets and liabilities.

49. chapter 3 The End