Elective

1. Elective Elective – Engines Instructors: George Crowl

2. Engines Elective Level 2 (Able) Engines Instructors: George Crowl

3. Course Outline • i) Understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre-start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic checks while running, securing, post-operative checks, and keeping an engine log. • ii) Using the type of engine aboard the vessel you most frequently use, demonstrate your understanding of basic troubleshooting and the preventive maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer.

4. Engines Level 2 i) i) Understand the safe and proper procedures for the use of gasoline and diesel inboard engines, including fueling, pre-start checks, ventilation, starting, running, periodic checks while running, securing, post-operative checks, and keeping an engine log.

5. Fueling Preparations • May be before pre-start, or after getting underway • All flames extinguished • Engine and electronics off • Close hatches, ports, doors • Portable tanks on dock / ground • Passengers on shore

6. Fueling • Have absorbent material on hand to mop up fuel spills • Insure you are usingfuel filler, not water or other filler pipe • Maintain contact between fuel nozzle and filler pipe to prevent sparking • Listen for sound change as tank fills. Go slowly.

7. After Fueling • Clean up any spills. Dispose of absorbers. • Open ports, hatches, doors to ventilate • Do a sniff check at bilge level for fumes • Blower ventilate gas engine for four minutes

8. Starting • Use starting checklist • Open raw water valve • Listen during starting for unusual noise • Engine should settle to smooth run • Insure cooling water being pumped overboard • Log start time in engine log

9. Running • Listen to the engine. Investigate strange sounds • Check engine instruments regularly. (We know they are hard to see, do it anyway!) • Check oil pressure (usually 40-80 PSI) • Check alternator / generator (positive output) • Check temperature (under 200° F)

10. Shutting Down • Follow the checklist • Most people believe it is better to close the raw water valve about 10 seconds before shutting the engine down. This blows the water out of the manifold. • May not need to close raw water valve for short shutdowns • Log shutdown time. Log total engine time for oil changes, etc.

11. Engines Level 2 ii) ii) Using the type of engine aboard the vessel you most frequently use, demonstrate your understanding of basic troubleshooting and the preventive maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer.

12. Troubleshooting – Inboard • Engine won't start • Won't turn over – battery dead? Battery cables corroded? Disconnected? Starter motor relay failed? Ignition switch failure? • Turns over weakly – battery weak? Cables corroded? • Turns over fine, won't start – defective fuel pump? Fuel filter(s) clogged? Spark plugs? Diesel injectors clogged?

13. Troubleshooting – Inboard (2) • Runs, then stops – check fuel level? Boat heeling or pitching? Needs fuel? • Runs rough – electrical harness tight? Spark plugs cleaned and gapped? Carburetor dirty? • Overheating – temperature above about 190° - Faulty thermostat? Water pump failing? Water hose leaking?

14. Inboard Engine – PM • Engine oil change (interval ?) • Transmission oil change (interval?) • Fuel filter change (interval?) (how many?) • Air filter change (interval?) • Spark plugs – gas (interval?) • Diesel injectors (interval?)

15. Troubleshooting – Outboard • Starting difficulties • Fuel tank full • Primer bulb pumped hard • Gear shift in neutral • Kill switch set • Throttle positioned to start • Starter rope tight, pulled hard

16. Troubleshooting – Outboard (2) • Engine does not start – other • Old fuel (30 days +) – fill with new fuel • Kill switch engaged – disengage • Kill switch clip not inserted – insert, or remove and re-insert • Spark plugs or ignition – new plugs, check ignition system

17. Troubleshooting – Outboard (3) • Overheating • Check water coming out of motor • Check water intake clear • Check water pump impeller • Excessive vibration • Check propeller attached tightly • Check isolation mounts – tighten or replace • Propeller not turning properly • Check prop or shaft for debris • Check shear pin OK

18. Troubleshooting – Outboards (4) • Engine won't stay running • Check fuel system • Check fuel filter – clean • Check carburator – clean • Check air filter – clean • Check throttle friction – enough to hold • Make sure you are using the correct fuel • Gas / oil mix for 2-cycle • Straight gas for 4-cycle, check oil level

19. Outboard Engine – PM • Engine oil ratio (2-stroke) • Engine oil change interval (4-stroke) • Oil filter change (4-stroke) (interval?) • Transmission oil change (interval?) • Air filter change (interval?) • Spark plug change (gas)

20. Questions?

21. Engines Elective Level 3 (Quartermaster) Engines Instructors: George Crowl

22. Course Outline • Engines: • i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type. • ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels. • iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts. • iv) Demonstrate your ability to locate and correct minor engine troubles according to the engine manufacturer's troubleshooting guide.

23. Engines Level 3 i) i) Explain the principal features of steam turbine, turboelectric, direct reversing diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, nuclear, gasoline, and diesel engines and the relative advantages of each type.

24. Let's Organize • Several different basic types of engines • Reciprocating – gasoline, diesel, like car • Turbine – spins in one direction all the time, like a jet engine • Electric motors – driven by something else, like a train engine • Nuclear – heat drives a turbine

25. Reciprocating • Gasoline • 4-stroke (old inboards, newer outboards) • 2-stroke (old outboards) • Diesel 4-stroke • Direct reversing Diesel • Diesel-electric

26. Gasoline 4-stroke • Like the engine in your car • Spark plug • Intake Compression Power Exhaust

27. Gasoline 4-stroke (2) • Animated version

28. Gasoline 2-stroke • Compression and power stroke are similar • Intake and exhaust are done simultaneously at the bottom of the stroke, less efficient • Requires oil / gas mixture, engine no longer made

29. Diesel 4-stroke • Main differences – higher compression, squirt fuel into cylinder (injector), no spark plug • Better fuel economy, less fire danger

30. Direct Reversing Diesel • The engine is stopped • Various adjustments (such as moving the cam shaft) are made so the engine will run properly in the other direction • The engine is started in the other direction, often by a compressed air charge • Advantage – no need for a transmission • Major disadvantage – it might not start in the other direction

31. Reciprocating Steam • Very first steam engines, first ship engines • No longer in use • Steam released into the pistons, drove the wheel, which drove either the paddle wheel or the propeller

32. Turbines • Several kinds – steam, gas, • Several uses – generate electricity, geared down direct drive

33. Steam Turbine - Oldest • Have to have a boiler producing high pressure steam (was coal-fired) • Release steam into front of turbine • Steam expansion drives turbine very fast • Gear down the speed to turn the propeller • Requires gear box for forward and reverse • “Turbina” was first turbine ship, and fastestof its day

34. Electric Drives • Electric motors are very useful and flexible • They draw current only when they are working • They can actually generate current when they are braking • They are almost instantly reversible • They are mechanically linked to the propeller, but nothing else • They have to have a source of power, but many are available – diesel, steam, turbines, nuclear

35. Electric Drive (2) • On board ship, power plant drives alternator or generator • Electricity then drives the propulsion motors

36. Diesel-Electric • Diesel engine turns shaft • Shaft turns generator to produce electricity • Electricity powers motor to turn propeller

37. Turboelectric • The power plant is a steam or gas turbine • Linked to the high RPM output of the turbine is an electric generator • The generator provides electrical power for ship's motors and for other ship electrical needs

38. Gas Turbine • Uses air instead of steam • Fueled by petroleum product or hot gasses from an exhaust • Similar to a jet engine • Can run using low grade bunker fuel

39. Nuclear • Nuclear fuel heats high pressure water, which creates steam • Steam turns turbines to generate electricity • Electricity runs propulsion motor

40. Advantages / Disavantages • Gasoline – OK for small boats, especially outboards, most dangerous fuel, requires transmission for forward / reverse • Diesel – safe, fuel efficient, less dangerous fuel, requires transmission • Direct reversing diesel – requires no transmission, engine more complex, engine may not restart

41. Advantages / Disadvantages (2) • Diesel-electric – high efficiency, no transmission, better propeller efficiency, high reliability, more payload (smaller equipment) • Steam turbine – no longer in use • Gas turbine – highly reliable, light weight, responsive, significantly more expensive to run • Nuclear – great for submarines and aircraft carriers, no emissions, very expensive, not suitable for commercial ships

42. Engines Level 3 ii) ii) Explain the operation of spark ignition and compression ignition for internal combustion engines used aboard small vessels.

43. Comparison • “Apples-to-apples” – 4-stroke marine engines • Both have 4-stroke reciprocating engines • Gasoline are usually lighter, can turn faster • Fuel is less expensive, burn more of it • Engine maintenance is usually less expensive • Diesels are usually heavier, have better torque • Fuel cost per mile is usually less • Engines can handle continuous use, but more expensive to repair

44. Spark Ignition • Gasoline & other fuels • Moderate compression (5:1 > 8:1) • Spark sets off explosion in cylinder • Spark plug is key • Needs electricity,right spark gap

45. Compression Ignition • Diesel fuel • High compression (16:1 > 24:1) • Fuel is injected into very hot mixture, explodes • No spark plug • Very reliable • Injectors do need occasionalmaintenance

46. Engines Level 3 iii) iii) Demonstrate your familiarity with the engine aboard the vessel used by your ship, including its principles of operation, fuel, lubrication, cooling and electrical systems, and their component parts.

47. Your Engine, Your Boat • The requirement is to discuss your engine, and your boat • Someone in your ship may change the following presentation to reflect what is in your ship • The following is build around a nominal 30-foot diesel-powered sloop • Principles should apply to many vessels • Details will be different for nearly every vessel

48. Principles of Operation • 4-cycle Diesel engine, as described above • Fuel is Diesel, a heavy, less volatile fuel • A transmission is behind the engine, with forward and reverse gears, gear shift in cockpit • Engine is connected to the prop shaft through the transmission • Propeller has fixed pitch blades

49. Engine Lubrication • Requires oil compatible with Diesel engines • Depending on the age of the engine, the code will begin with a C (such as CC) and may be CJ • The thickness of the oil will usually be SAE 30, but may vary by engine and climate or season • Check oil dipstick, should be between two marks • Add oil if needed at oil cap on top of engine • Change at manufacturer's specified interval

50. Lubricating Diagram