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ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID. I. INJURIES A. Motor vehicle accidents are the major cause of injuries to people in the United States. First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to the victim of an accident.

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ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

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  1. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE AMERICAN RED CROSS FIRST AID

  2. I. INJURIES A. Motor vehicle accidents are the major cause of injuries to people in the United States. First aid is the immediate and temporary care given to the victim of an accident.

  3. However, your chances of being injured are directly influenced by what you do. In any case, you must remember the rules for TakingAction.

  4. 1. Check - The scene for hazards and the victim for responsiveness 2. Call - EMS 911 3. Care - The injuries discovered will dictate the first aid to be given.

  5. II. BLEEDING A. Three types: 1. Arterial – carrying blood away from the heart - bright red and spurts 2. Venous – blood on its return to the heart - dark red and steady flow 3. Capillary - finger tips/toes, - smallest, infection biggest concern

  6. B. Five Main Types of wounds: 1. Deep puncture wound – danger of tetanus (booster shots every 5 - 10 years) Do not try to remove impaled objects Puncture

  7. 2. Abrasions - scrapes 3. Cuts: Incisions - smooth edges / Lacerations - jagged or torn 4. Avulsion- machinery, explosion, animal bite, auto accidents Laceration 5. Bruise - damage causing bleeding under the skin

  8. C. Internal bleeding: monitor ABC's, care for shock, call 911, reassure victim 1. Tender, swollen, bruised 2. Rapid, weak pulse 3. Skin feels cool or moist or looks pale or bluish

  9. 4. Vomiting or coughing up blood5. Excessivethirst6. Becoming confused, faint, drowsy,or unconscious

  10. D. To control external bleeding: open wounds 1. Apply directpressure (FIRST STEP TO CONTROL BLEEDING) 2. Elevate above heart unless a fracture is suspected 3. Apply a pressure bandage (add new dressings on top of the old ones)

  11. 4. Apply additional bandages if necessary - help control bleeding and infection

  12. 6. Lying down improves circulation a. Reassure victim b. Raise feet 10 to 12 inches unless neck, or head injury issuspected 6. If bleeding from the leg, press the heel of your hand where the leg bends at thehip

  13. 7. Impaled object: do notremovethe object, use roller bandage to secure the object in place

  14. E. Cleansing: Tincture of Greensoap, soap and water 1. To reduce risk of diseasetransmission - avoid direct contact with blood, wash hands immediately after giving care, use protective barriers such as gloves

  15. F. Decontamination: Major objective in caring for a wound 1. Hydrogen Peroxide, Bactine, Betadine - Check EXPIRATION DATES on medications

  16. G. You can reduce the risk of disease transmission when caring for open bleeding wounds by: 1. washing hands after care 2. avoid direct contact with blood 3. Use protective barriers like latex gloves

  17. III. NOSE INJURIES A. Common Causes: 1. Neck, head and back injuries, high blood pressure, heavy exercise, colds, and change in altitude.

  18. B. First aid: 1. If you suspect neck, head or back injury do not try to controlbleeding, leave the victim as you found them and supportthe head and neck

  19. 2. Sit down, lean forward, pinch nose for about 10 minutes, and use an ice pack on thebridgeof the nose3. Do not tilt head back - blood may flow into stomach causing NAUSEA 4. Seek medical help if bleeding persists or recurs or person says it results from high blood pressure

  20. IV. SHOCK A. Shock Symptoms: (may be triggered by a serious injury or illness) 1. Not enough oxygen rich blood getting to all parts of the body (First hour after accident is the most critical – start treatment for shockimmediately)

  21. 2. Rapidpulse (60 - 80 beats minute is normal)3. Rapidbreathing (12 - 20 breaths per minute is normal)

  22. 4. Cool, clammy, moist pale - bluish skin, dilatedpupils (enlarged)5. Restlessness or irritability 6. Unequal pupils: two causes a. Head, neck, or spinalinjuryORstroke

  23. 7. Lying down improves circulation. a. Reassure the victim - call EMS 911 - give the victim nothing to eat or drink (reassurance is the best first aid) b. Raise the feet about 12 inches unless neck, head injury is suspected

  24. V. HEAT BURNS A. From the first aiders point of view burns are classified by degrees. 1. First - redness, mild swelling, pain / heals in 5 - 6 days (sunburn)

  25. 2. Second - redness, blisters (may be open or closed), swelling heals in 3 - 4 weeks 3. Third - white/charred, all layers of skin life-threatening, tissue and nervedamage

  26. B. First aid - four basic steps 1. Cool the burned area with cool water - all types of burns 2. Cover the burned area with dry sterile dressings / loosely bandage to prevent infection

  27. 3. Preventinfection a. do not put ointments on burns requiringmedicalattention b. do not breakblisters or try to clean third degree burns 4. Care for shock

  28. VI. CHEMICAL BURNS A. First Aid: 1. For all types of burns use lots of cool running water to flush the chemicals from the skin andcall 9-1-1 if you are in doubt about the severity of the burn

  29. 2. Keep flushing until EMS arrive3. Treat for shock4. Monitor the ABCsAirway - Breathing - Circulation

  30. VII. ELECTRICAL BURNS 1. The first thing to do is turn off electricity.2. Call EMS / and conduct a check of thevictim A. What to do:

  31. 3. Check burn sites for entry and exit points4. Apply dry loose steriledressings and treat for shock

  32. VIII. FRACTURES, STRAINSDISLOCATIONS, AND SPRAINS A.Treat all injuries you are not sure of the same as fractures if you cannot determine which type you have.

  33. 1. Sprains: stretched or torn ligaments and other tissues at a joint2. Strains: stretched and tearing ofmuscle or tendon fibers

  34. 3. Fractures: breaks or cracks in bones - may be open - exposed bone / closed - bone has not penetrated skin a. May also have internal injuries from bone fragments damaging tissue

  35. 4. Dislocations: bone ends are separated or displaced / may have ligament damage - knee, elbow, shoulder

  36. B. Signals: swelling, pain, deformity, discoloration, inability to use body part C. Firstaid: 1.Splint only if you have to move the victim and can do it without hurting the victim.

  37. 2.Splint (should be snug but not loose) only when necessary to move victim and it doesn't hurt victim a. Anatomic - Using the victims body part as a splint - leg to leg / finger to finger / arm to chest

  38. b. SoftSplint - Use of a towel, pillow or blanket to support the injured body part

  39. c. RigidSplint - Use of a board, cardboard, folded magazine d. Splints help keep bone ends and adjacent bones from moving

  40. 3. Ice packs first 24 - 48 hours: a. Reduces swelling and hemorrhaging b. Do not apply ice directly to the skin/damp towel - ice - dry towel c. Do not remove shoe: removal increasesswelling

  41. 4. Maintain compression on the body part - ACE wraps 5. Elevate the injuredextremityif no fracture is suspected 6. Care for shock / Check circulation aftersplinting

  42. 7. Head, neck or back injury: stabilizehead as you found them and do not move them unless an emergency 8. Sling - support the injured area, secure to the chest, check for feeling, warmth and color

  43. IX. SEIZURES • Symptoms: Victim will generally look and feel ill.1. May have a change in mental • status and appear disoriented.2. Body may stiffen andconvulse. 3. May experience difficult or nobreathing. (a) When in doubt call 9-1-1.

  44. 1.Move things out of the way that may injure the person, do not try to place anything between the person’s teeth. B. Providing care: 2. Protect the victim’s head by placing a thin cushion under it. (Folded clothing)

  45. 3. Do not try to hold or restrain the victim having a seizure. 4. Place the victim on their side to allow fluids to drain from the mouth. 5. Keep the airway open and monitorABCs (Airway-Breathing-Circulation)

  46. 1. Insulin shock symptoms: Dizziness, disorientation, fainting, and trouble breathing. 1. Cause: The result of taking too much medication, not eating properly, or too much heavy exercise resulting in too much or too little sugar in the person’s blood. X. DIABETIC EMERGENCIES

  47. 2. Care: a. Give the person one of the following: (1) Glucose paste or tablets.(2) Granulated sugar, sugar cubes, candy, juice soda, syrup or honey.

  48. B. Diabetic coma symptoms: Looks dehydrated, sleepy or confused. 1. Cause: The result of not takingmedicationand not eating properly. 2. Care:a. Call 9-1-1, have the person rest, comfort and reassure them. C. WHEN IN DOUBT AS WHAT TO DO:GIVE THE VICTIM SUGAR (preferred in liquid form)

  49. A. Blood flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to cause damage: 1. Most common cause - blood clot to brain causing damage. XI. STROKE

  50. 2. A second cause is a ruptured artery in the brain.3. Third cause is compression of artery in the brainreducingblood flow (usually the result of a tumor).

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