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CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview…

CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview…. Subject matter to be covered… Mathematics and Study Methods Human Performance Meteorology Aircraft Technical and General Radio Aids Instruments Law and Procedures Flight Planning Navigation and Plotting. What else…. 200 hours total flying time

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CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview…

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  1. CPL/ATP – Ground School Overview… Subject matter to be covered… • Mathematics and Study Methods • Human Performance • Meteorology • Aircraft Technical and General • Radio Aids • Instruments • Law and Procedures • Flight Planning • Navigation and Plotting

  2. What else…. • 200 hours total flying time • 100 hours Pilot-in-Command • 50 hours Cross-country flying • 10 hours night flying • IF Rating (40 hours single engine and 50 hours twin engine)

  3. Your course facilitator for this Ground School…Brand WesselsCell: 073-591 3907Email: brandwessels@yahoo.com

  4. Student Commentary… Comments received from Jason Alexander (CPL course):Cellphone: • “Excellent all round knowledge – explanations simple and easy to understand” • “Very helpful methodologies” • “Would recommend it to anyone”

  5. Student Commentary… Frans Pretorius Cellphone: 072-252 8832 Comments received from Frans(CPL): “Very entertaining, no spoon feeding here, worth it and money well spent, great tempo and passed 6 subjects in one sitting… ”

  6. Student Commentary… Tjaart Janse van Rensburg Cellphone: 083-240 7614 Comments received from Tjaart(CPL): “Great results, very comprehensive, learnt a hell of a lot, very satisfied.”

  7. Student Commentary… Ruan van Vuren Cellphone: 072-179 6902 Comments received from Ruan(CPL): “Very educational, well worth it, much better than comparable courses I tried…”

  8. Student Commentary… Comments received from Sean Kenny (ATP course): • “Great pace, good discussion” • “Well informed on subject matter” • “Excellent communication process” • “Great course – thank you very much!”

  9. Student Commentary… Comments received from Martin van Eeden (ATP course): • “So I was not the only student struggling….” • “Application focused – helped me a lot.” • “Good people skills by facilitator.” • “Arranged in such a way that we could learn from each other.”

  10. Course Highlights….

  11. Trigonometry Some triangles do not always have a 90º angle, therefore the normal trig functions do not always apply. The following formula is used to solve the RNAV questions. Mathematic Review….. The COSINE Rule : a² = b² + c² - 2bc x COS A b² = a² + c² - 2ac x COS B c² = a² + b² - 2ab x COS C The SIN Rule : c SIN C b SIN B a SIN A = =

  12. Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle The Right Angled Triangle

  13. Example: At 1205, aircraft A and B are 75 nm's apart and are on a collision course. Aircraft A 330 Kts. Aircraft B 360 Kts. The relative bearing from A to B is 075. What angle needs to be closed by aircraft B to intercept aircraft A? SIN B = SIN B = 0.885 SIN B = B = 62.3º

  14. An Equation is like a balance scale. Everything must be equal on both sides. = 10 5 + 5

  15. Cross Multiplication Moving the variable around in a function, until the unknown variable is isolated. Example: In a² = b² + c², if we have to solve for c we have to isolate it on one side of the equal sign. Important: What you do on one side of the equation has to be done on the other side. Thus: a² = b² + c² - b² leaves c² isolated, but then we have to subtract b² on the left side of the equation as well: a² - b² = c²

  16. 20 100 1 5 Percents Have Equivalents in Decimals and Fractions Fraction Simplified Percent Decimal Fraction 20% .20 = = =

  17. Included % When asked to work out the % of reserve fuel when it’s already included in the total given, care must be taken with the mathematics: Example: We have 11 500 Lt of fuel which include 15% reserve – how much fuel do we have available without using the reserve fuel? If we started with 10 000 Lt and then had to add 15% reserve it means: 10 000 x 15% = 1500 + 10 000 = 11 500 Lt total fuel. To reverse the calculation (how much fuel do we have without the 15%), we have to divide the total with 1.15. Or 11 500 ÷ 1.15 = 10 000 Lt

  18. Interpolation: 1. to insert between or among others2. to change by putting in new material3. to estimate a missing value by taking an average of known values at neighboring points

  19. Interpolate one series at a time: PALT 14 000 16 000 AUW 12 000 LBS 1237 1268 15 500 1268 – 1237 = 31/2000 X 1500 = 2,25 (+1237) = 1260 1260 1260 – 1115 = 124/2000 X 750 = 54,37 (+1115) = 1169 AUW 10 750 LBS 1169 AUW 10 000 LBS 1098 1120 1115 1120 – 1098 = 22/2000 X 1500 = 16,5 (+1098) = 1114.5

  20. Two aircraft flying at the same Flight Level, Aircraft A has a Mach Number of 0.815 and a TAS of 500 Knots, Aircraft B has a Mach Number of 0.76. At what Flight Level are the aircraft flying and what is the TAS of aircraft B?

  21. 1 In 60 Rule. A VOR DME defines the centre of an airway 10 Nautical Miles wide. An aircraft at distance 180 Nautical Miles has a two dot fly right indication on a 5 dot CDI. What is the distance from the airway?. Distance Off Track Error = 60 Distance To Go 4° Distance Off = A ) Distance from centre = 12 NM B ) Distance from boundary = 7 NM 60 180 NM 720 = Distance Off 60 12 NM = 5 Nautical Miles 4° 180 NM GGV 5 Nautical Miles

  22. DME Calculations. An aircraft at FL 410 has a DME range of 14 NM. What is the ground range From the DME station. Using Pythagoras C² = A² + B² The maximum error is when the aircraft is close to the DME and high altitude. B ² ( 14 ) ² = ( 41000 \ 6080 ) ² + B ² 45.468 + 196 = 12.269 NM B = C 14 NM DME Slant Line Range. A FL410. Ground Range. B VOR DME JSV.

  23. Problem Solving is easy if you follow these steps Understand the problem

  24. Step 1 – Understand the problem • Read the problem carefully. • Find the important information. • Write down the numbers. • Identify what the problem wants you to solve. • Ask if your answer is going to be a larger or smaller number compared to what you already know.

  25. Step 2 - Decide how you’re going to solve the problemChoose a method Use a graph Use formulas Write an equation Make a list Find a pattern Work backwards Use reasoning Draw a picture Make a table Act it out

  26. Step 3 - Solve the problem Example:

  27. Step 4 - Look Back & CheckReread the problemSubstitute your new numberDid your new number work?

  28. Trig Example: You are taking off from a runway, with a hill 300’ high, 6000’ from the threshold. What angle of climb must you maintain to clear the hill? tan x = y/x And y=300’ and x=6000’ Tan x = 0.05 Divide by tan same as inverse (or cot, or tanˉ¹) Thus x = 2,86º Know your calculator! Push this button just before you choose a 2nd function button Inverse Button Force of 3 Force of 2 10 to the force … Square Root Brackets Degree, minutes, seconds – also hours, minutes, seconds % Button

  29. Study Methods • Mind Maps • Memory Training • How to create Summaries • Time Management • Study Tips • Habits to Acquire

  30. Mind Mapping….

  31. Study Methods

  32. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Habit 1: Be Proactive Habit 2: Begin with the End in Mind Habit 3: Put First Things First Habit 4: Think Win-Win Habit 5: Seek First to Understand, then to be Understood Habit 6: Synergize Habit 7: Sharpen the Saw

  33. The Time Management Quadrant 2 1 URGENT NOT URGENT • Preparation • Prevention • Values clarification • Planning • Relationship building • Empowerment IMPORTANT • Crises • Pressing Problems • Deadline driven projects, meetings, preparations • Interruptions, phone calls • Some mail, some reports • Some meetings • Many popular activities • Trivia, busywork • Some telephone calls • Time wasters • “Escape” activities • Excessive TV NOT IMPORTANT 3 4

  34. Cardio-respiratory System -The Lungs and the transport of Oxygen Air enters through the nose and mouth and passes down the trachea to the bronchial tree. Human Performance…

  35. When you inhale, air is drawn into the lungs due to a reduction in pressure inside the chest. This reduction in pressure can be ascribed to the outward movement of the chest wall and the downward movement of the diaphragm. When exhaling the air is expelled from the lungs by the generally passive process of muscular relaxation allowing the chest wall to fall and the diaphragm to relax. The ever dividing passageways in your lungs terminate at the alveoli (very fine sac-like structures) where the blood in the alveolar capillaries is brought into very close proximity with oxygen molecules. Under the influence of a pressure gradient, oxygen diffuses across the capillary membrane from the alveolar sac into the blood. From there it is taken up by the protein molecule hemoglobin for transport around the body. Breathing provides an exchange of respiratory gases between the environment and the blood. The rate and depth of breathing are adjusted to meet the enormous changes in the consumption of oxygen and the elimination of carbon dioxide.

  36. Meteorology….

  37. The Atmosphere Most cloud and precipitation here Most flying here..

  38. Position of Jet Streams

  39. Types of Airframe Icing Glazed/Clear/Rain ice Hoar Frost Rime Ice Most dangerous type of ice!

  40. Caused by steep pressure gradients when the anti-cyclone flow of air from a high pressure system to the south west of the country LOCAL WINDS The sudden dramatic change of this south westerly wind, which replaces the prevailing north easter is a common feature of the Buster. CLOUD INDICATING WIND During the summer months there is frequently a strong south easterly wind prevalent over the Cape Peninsula. When the South Easterly winds are forced to rise up over Table Mountain, the famous "table cloth" cloud forms – The descending air on the other side of the mountain is warmed, and any moisture present is absorbed by the air as water vapour. Both sides of the mountain will be clear of cloud, while the summit is cloud covered.

  41. Cloud Classification Stratus (St). Layered clouds that form in stable air near the surface due to cooling from below Cumulus (Cu). Cumulus clouds form when convective currents from the earths radiation exist. They usually have flat bottoms, and dome shaped tops

  42. Aircraft Technical and General

  43. The Main Flight Controls in Action…

  44. Critical engine

  45. Engine overview

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