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ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements

ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements. Requirement 1 Requirement 2 Requirement 3A 3B 3C Requirement 4A 4B 4C 4D Requirement 5A 5B Requirement 6

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ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements

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  1. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements

  2. Requirement 1 Requirement 2 Requirement 3A 3B 3C Requirement 4A 4B 4C 4D Requirement 5A 5B Requirement 6 Requirement 7A 7B 7C 7D Requirement 8A 8B Requirement 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E Requirement 10 ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Describe the proper clothing and other precautions for safely making observations at night and in cold weather. Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses, such as heat and cold reactions, dehydration, bites and stings, and damage to your eyes that could occur during observation.

  3. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Describe the proper clothing and other precautions for safely making observations at night and in cold weather.

  4. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon.

  5. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. If you ever want to view an eclipse, the first thing you must know is this: Never view the sun with the naked eye or with any optical device, such as binoculars or a telescope! This is more than advice. Why? As a kid, did you ever take a magnifying glass out into the sun and burn leaves? If so, you probably remember that when the focused sunlight coming through the lens was refracted and concentrated to a small spot, the energy available there was truly remarkable. Guess what? You have a lens just like that in your eye. If you look at the sun, your eye-lens will concentrate the sun's light and focus it to a very small spot on the back of your retina. This can cause permanent eye damage or blindness. Additionally, there are no pain sensors back there so you won't even know it's happening! Have I scared the willies out of you? Good!

  6. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  7. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Most basic level, you can use your own hands. Just hold up both hands with your fingers overlapping at right angles. The holes between your fingers make pinholes. Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  8. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method If you want, you can use only two pieces of cardboard--one piece colored white to project on to, and the other with a pinhole. Hold up the pinhole as far from the screen as you can. Remember, the farther you are from the screen, the bigger your image. Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  9. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method There are safe ways to view the sun. The simplest requires only a long box (at least 6 feet long), a piece of aluminum foil, a pin, and a sheet of white paper. The length of the box is important. The longer the box, the bigger the pinhole image. To find the size of the image, multiply the length of the box by the number 0.00873. If you can't find a long box or tube, you can tape together two or more boxes to make a longer one. Taping together two triangular UPS shipping tubes works well. Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  10. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method 1) Find or make a long box or tube. Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  11. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method 2) Cut a hole in the center of one end of the box. 3) Tape a piece of foil over the hole. 4) Poke a small hole in the foil with a pin. Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  12. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method 5) Cut a viewing hole in the side of the box. 6) Put a piece of white paper inside the end of the box near the viewing portal. Optical Projection Method Filter Method

  13. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method Pinhole images are pretty dim and small. There's another projection method that uses a pair of binoculars. DO NOT LOOK THROUGH THE BINOCULARS! Filter Method

  14. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method 1) First, you should firmly fix the binoculars to a tripod. You can do this with duct tape (what else?). 2) Cut out a shield made of cardboard and tape it to the front of the binoculars with the lenses sticking through holes that you cut. 3) Put the lens cap over one of the large binocular lenses or tape over one of the front lenses with duct tape. (You really only need a monocular for this.) Filter Method

  15. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method 4) Use the duct tape to seal any holes that leak light past the cardboard. 5) Point the binocular towards the sun while holding a piece of white cardboard about a foot behind the eyepiece. 6) It will take a little effort to find the sun. Once you do, you can focus the binoculars to bring the sun to a sharp image. Be careful not to put your hand or anything flammable near the eyepiece! The concentrated sunlight exiting there can cause a nasty burn or set something ablaze! Filter Method

  16. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Tell how to safely observe the Sun, objects near the sun, and the Moon. Viewing the Sun during an eclipse: Overlapping Fingers Method Cardboard-Sheet Method Pinhole Projection Method Optical Projection Method Filter Method If you feel that you just have to look directly at the sun, be absolutely sure that you have the correct filter. Just because a filter makes the sun seem dim does not mean that it's blocking invisible infrared or ultraviolet radiation that will certainly cause eye damage in short order. Do not use sunglasses, polaroid filters, smoked glass, exposed color film, x-ray film, or photographic neutral density filters. Make sure that the supplier of your eclipse filter is reputable and reliable. You can, for instance, look at the sun with a number 14 welders glass. Get this from a welding supply store. Silver-based black-and-white photographic emulsions, when exposed and developed fully can be used if you are experienced and knowledgeable in this area. You might need several layers.

  17. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 1) Hypothermia

  18. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 1) Hypothermia Hypothermia is total body cooling, a bodily response which Occurs when the right conditions are present such as wind exposure, wet conditions, where the body becomes very cold, coupled with total exhaustion. Initial symptoms include expressed fatigue, slurred speech, poor decision-making, muscle weakness, shivering. Offer warm, sweet drinks for liquid volume replacement to help generate heat. Keep individuals dry and insulated. If a severely hypothermic or unconscious, DO NOT move. Be very gentle. Remove wet clothing as gently as possible, without jostling the torso. Maximize insulation. Apply external heat.

  19. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 2) Heatstroke

  20. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 2) Heatstroke Exposure to high temperatures without good heat loss may lead to heat cramps, heat stroke, or heat exhaustion. If not properly hydrated or improperly dressed, heat stroke may develop. The higher the humidity, the less efficiently heat is lost from the body. Preceding symptoms include headaches, fatigue, decreasing ability to sweat, and the skin becoming hot, flush, and very dry. Pulse is usually very rapid. Treatment should include rapid cooling, e.g. immersion in cool water or ice, removal and immersion of clothing in water, redressing the victim and fanning repeatedly. Transport immediately to a hospital.

  21. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 3) Frostbite

  22. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 3) Frostbite Tissue injury involving the actual freezing of the skin and underlying tissues. Recovery is slow, severe frostbite can lead to gangrene. Symptoms of First Degree (Frostnip) are redness, pain, burning, stinging or prickly sensation. Skin may look mottled and firm to the touch. Symptoms of Second Degree (Superficial Frostbite, Frostbite) are no pain to numbness. After thawing (takes 3 to 20 days) black or discolored skin sloughs off. Treatment includes exercising the affected area to promote blood circulation. Also use any warmth available to thaw area.

  23. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 4) Dehydration

  24. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 4) Dehydration Dehydration is defined as sweat, urine or respiratory water loss. It results from the voluntary restriction of intake of water. Thirst is not a good indicator for when to replace water. With 2% lose of body weight, thirst is initiated. With 4%-6% water loss, you are impatient and have headaches. With 10% loss, dizziness and cyanosis. With 12% loss, difficulty swallowing and require assistance in re-hydration. A 15%-25% water loss is lethal. Treatment includes increasing intake of water. For extreme cases of dehydration, hospitalization is required.

  25. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 5) Insect Stings

  26. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 5) Insect Stings For a normal reaction to a sting (itching, redness and slight swelling) the following first-aid items may be useful: ice, baking soda, oral antihistamines (such as Chlortrimeton and Dimetane), epinephrine inhaler (such as Primatene), topical steroids (such as Cortaid or Lanacort), and local anesthetics (such as Benzocaine, Lanacaine or Solarcaine).

  27. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 6) Tick Bites

  28. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 6) Tick Bites If a tick is discovered, remove it immediately by pinching the skin just below the head of the tick with tweezers and lifting the tick straight up and out. You may lose a small piece of skin in the process. Be careful not to squeeze the tick body or twist it during removal, since this may cause the tick to regurgitate more bacteria into the wound. For similar reasons, burning or covering a tick in cooking oil is not recommended as a method of removal.

  29. CAMPING Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 1: Explain first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur during observation. 1) Hypothermia 4) Dehydration 2) Heatstroke 5) Insect Stings 3) Frostbite 6) Tick Bites

  30. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. Requirement 1 Requirement 2 Requirement 3A 3B 3C Requirement 4A 4B 4C 4D Requirement 5A 5B Requirement 6 Requirement 7A 7B 7C 7D Requirement 8A 8B Requirement 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E Requirement 10

  31. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow

  32. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings.

  33. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area.

  34. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass

  35. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass Light illumination that crosses onto your property (personal space).   This is not only a nuisance, it can also affect your safety.

  36. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass Light illumination that crosses onto your property (personal space).   This is not only a nuisance, it can also affect your safety. Example: Walking away from a campfire (without a flashlight) to the outhouse.

  37. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass Light illumination that crosses onto your property (personal space).   This is not only a nuisance, it can also affect your safety. Example: Walking away from a campfire (without a flashlight) to the outhouse. 3. Light Glare

  38. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass Light illumination that crosses onto your property (personal space).   This is not only a nuisance, it can also affect your safety. Example: Walking away from a campfire (without a flashlight) to the outhouse. 3. Light Glare Too much illumination is applied as a visible source which causes a reduction in visual performance or an irritation to the eye.

  39. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. 1. Skyglow Atmospheric phenomenon where wasted light causes overhead glowing in eerie pink, white, or orange colors. This happens because the wasted light reflects off of tiny airborne dust and moisture particles.  Can happen even on very clear evenings. Example: Smog in the Los Angeles area. 2. Light Trespass Light illumination that crosses onto your property (personal space).   This is not only a nuisance, it can also affect your safety. Example: Walking away from a campfire (without a flashlight) to the outhouse. 3. Light Glare Too much illumination is applied as a visible source which causes a reduction in visual performance or an irritation to the eye. Example: Shining a flashlight into someone’s eyes.

  40. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. Urbanization map of the United States derived from city lights data. Urban areas are colored red, while peri-urban areas are colored yellow.

  41. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 2: Explain what light pollution is and how it and air pollution affect astronomy. Pink areas are heavily light-polluted with incrementally less pollution indicated by yellow, green and purple.

  42. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Requirement 1 Requirement 2 Requirement 3A 3B 3C Requirement 4A 4B 4C 4D Requirement 5A 5B Requirement 6 Requirement 7A 7B 7C 7D Requirement 8A 8B Requirement 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E Requirement 10

  43. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification

  44. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x

  45. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x

  46. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x65x

  47. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x65x125x

  48. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x65x125x300x

  49. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x65x125x300x 450x

  50. ASTRONOMY Merit Badge Requirements Requirement 3: With the aid of diagrams (or real telescopes if available), do each of the following: A) Explain why binoculars and telescopes are important astronomical tools. Demonstrate or explain how these tools are used. Magnification … 12x30x65x125x300x 450x 600x

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