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Evolution and challenges in creating OBIS

Ocean Biogeographic Information System. Evolution and challenges in creating OBIS. Mark J. Costello (Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland) * Fred Grassle and Yunquing Zhang (Rutgers University) Karen Stocks (University of California San Diego) Tony Rees (CSIRO Hobart).

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Evolution and challenges in creating OBIS

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  1. Ocean Biogeographic Information System Evolution and challenges in creating OBIS Mark J. Costello (Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland) * Fred Grassle and Yunquing Zhang (Rutgers University) Karen Stocks (University of California San Diego) Tony Rees (CSIRO Hobart) * Chair OBIS International Committee m.costello@auckland.ac.nz

  2. Today’s challenges Global scale impacts • Over-fishing • Invasive species • Climate change • Pollution Do not know what, where and when without the facts (the data)

  3. How do we know anything? Knowledge from data ! • Empirical basis of science • No knowledge without data • More data leads to more knowledge • Facts remain despite changing theories • More irreplaceable with time • Always increases in value • Future value may not be anticipated

  4. New technologies enable • Data collection over large areas • Satellites, acoustic seabed mapping • ROV video, telemetry • Data management and exchange • GIS • World wide web

  5. New interdiscipinary science of Ocean Biodiversity informatics Using information technology to better manage marine biodiversity and environmental data and information

  6. Opportunities provided by informatics • Increase communication • Make data widely available to scientific community • Rapid publication • Data mining and exploration • Low cost publication of maps and images • Interactive and/or user-defined readability • Data management tools widely available at little to no cost Are there other opportunities ?

  7. Informatics helps management • Make metadata more accessible • Make data more accessible • Enable better use of existing data • Identify gaps in data that may need filling • Better communication for data and environmental management

  8. Species informatics aids research Globally accessible species registers: • Help minimise nomenclatural confusion • Free up experts time to describe new species • Repatriate data to developing countries • Provide a low cost rapid medium for the publication of images, sounds, data and syntheses • Rapid (automated) calculation statistics “how many?”

  9. Always local scale, efforts of a few 200 years of “natural history” 50 years of “ecology” 10 years of “biodiversity” Recent top papers in marine biology address ocean scale impacts of fisheries Ability to combine large datasets collected by many is transforming our view of the oceans Is biodiversity informatics launching a new era in marine biology?

  10. Examples at large spatial scales

  11. Shark declines (Pacific long-line fishery) From Baum, Myers, Kehler, Worm, Harley & Doherty. Science. Jan. 2003

  12. Related biodiversity • GlobalBiodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) • Taxonomic Data Working Group (TDWG) • Species 2000 • Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

  13. Species lists need context Distribution is the most important attribute of species, and can be used to • map resources (e.g. fisheries) • observe trends in time • provide insights into - evolutionary history of faunas - factors contributing to biodiversity

  14. How important are deep-sea cold-water coral reefs as a habitat in the North Atlantic? Deep sea coral reefs (Lophelia) Reef Transition zone Photo-montage by Pal Mortensen Coral debris

  15. Records of Lophelia pertusa from Rogers (2001) – a significant habitat Reefs can be 40km long!

  16. Ocean Biogeographic Information System Mapping marine life over the internet www.iobis.org

  17. OBIS network GBIF, IODE, IOC IOOS, Ocean.US NODC Species 2000, ITIS, TDWG IABO, SCOR CSIRO, DFO, NOAA, NMFS, ICES, FAO MARBEF (EurOBIS), EuroCAT, BioCASE, CORONA • Marine scientists and organizations around over the world collaborating • Data from museums, fisheries, universities and ecological surveys, including CoML field projects • Unique network for marine biogeography at a global scale • Associate Member of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility

  18. Funding • Launched by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (New York) as the data management component of the global Census of Marine Life • CoML is until 2010, but OBIS will continue • International Committee members obtain funding from NSF, EU, national agencies • US$30 million committed to 2006, funding proposals submitted on a project by project basis Global census of marine life Online data served Global census of fish Major data capture and rescue Modelling Interoperable Demo 2000 2005 2010

  19. Currently on-line in OBIS anemones Global • corals and anemones • squid and octopus • mammals, turtles, birds (SEAMAP) • plankton (NODC, ZooGene, • SAHFOS-CPR) • Fish (FishBase, FishNet) • Species from global seamounts Fisheries • Canadian fishery surveys • Historical fish data back to 1600 (HMAP)

  20. Indo-pacific snails and bivalves Australian Antarctic sea mammals and birds Bermuda Atlantic Time Series zooplankton (BATS) Mid-water animals from Southampton Oceanography Centre database BioMar benthos from Ireland Belgium North Sea data Ghent taxonomic data NOAA benthic inventory USA EPA EMAP data Regional data in OBIS

  21. OBIS data sources Databases centered on • Taxonomic group (literature sources) • Field surveys (benthos, plankton) • Fishery surveys • Museum collections

  22. Where is OBIS data from? Seabed – benthos Open water – pelagos, plankton November 2004

  23. Most data in OBIS for fish Fish 30,000 species described Invertebrates 200,000 species described

  24. Names, species and records in OBIS Nov. 2004

  25. Some invertebrates

  26. Cnidaria, plants, protists, microbes

  27. Features seamless access of data from multiple sources to the user federated interoperable user-friendly data portability low hardware and software dependancy Distributed, cached, indexed data system

  28. In cache 5.6 million records 40,000 species 60,000 names 38 source databases March 2004 – 2.8 million records October 2003 – 1 million records In Index (edited data) 4.1 million records at genus level 37,000 species 119,000 names (CoL) December 2004, OBIS serves: amongst largest data providers to the Global Biodiversity Information Facilitywww.gbif.org

  29. Present OBIS tools Mapping over environment features • KGS Mapper (ARC-IMS) • C-Squares System building • DiGIR  • XML Prediction /analysis • KGS Mapper range finder • WhyWhere Species names • Species name service (using Catalogue of Life)

  30. KGS Mapper – maps where similar environmental conditions occur Green or shore crab, Carcinus maenas Invasive species in west North Atlantic

  31. Major surveys British benthic marine life (MarLIN) New Zealand Bryozoa East Mediterranean & Black Sea Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (ChEss) Other CoML field projects Data capturecoming soon to OBIS ! Global marine taxa • Aplacophora (primitive molluscs) • Nemertea (ribbon worms) • Trematode (flukes) parasites of fish • Turbellaria (flatworms) • Porifera (SpongeBase) • Seaweeds and other algae • Serpulidae (tube worms) • Ostracoda (clam-like crustaceans)

  32. OBIS questions How to globalize OBIS? • Taxonomically • Geographically • Institutionally • Foster expertise • Regional ‘nodes’ • Partnerships OBIS priorities? • Data rescue • Data capture • On-line tools • Ocean data overlays • Species information (identification, genetic, images) • Education & outreach • Other

  33. Data capture More species distribution data, e.g. EurOBIS Technical development mapping, modeling, species name services, indexes, software tools standards for data sharing Time series data search Management Regional nodes – global network Hire Programme Manager Intellectual property agreements User monitoring to guide development Quality control system Educational modules Current OBIS activities

  34. OBIS Management Committee = Regional NodesManagers Australia Canada China Europe India Japan New Zealand South America Sub-Saharan Africa

  35. Global Node Regional Node Provider Global Database Regional Database Products All Data Subset of Data Regional Node With Local Datasets Only OBIS Regional Node Architecture Public Accessibility GBIF IOBIS Data Found By IOBIS Not From Global Databases Regional Subset Regional Node With Local Datasets And Online Providers All data Global Datasets e.g. FAO, Hexacorallia Fishbase & Seamounts Online Providers RMB - March 14, 2004

  36. Nomenclatures Authoritative species names directories ambiguous and unambiguous synonyms, misspellings, misapplications, taxon splits Geographic (gazetteers) georeferencing and mapping of place names Habitat classifications and standards (ecoinformatics) Merging data Automated cross-checking of nomenclatures Mapping Polygons Lines (large animal tracks) Integration with ocean data maps OBIS informatics challenges

  37. OBIS informatics challenges • Interoperability and portal function • Exclusion duplicates and redundant data • Checking outliers and irregularities • Middleware (wrappers, cross-mapping) • Data exchange protocols • Expanding standard data fields (Darwin Core) • Crediting sources • Metadata accessibility • Indexing • Cache

  38. Data availability • most paid for by tax-payer • accessibility variable • No incentives to make freely available e.g. citation of source into citation indices, data publication at same time as syntheses and analyses

  39. 5 science culture challenges • Data sharing part of scientific process in marine biology • Data publication on-line becomes standard practice • Quality control for scientific credibility • Recognition value on-line publication in individual’s research performance • Citation rankings of on-line publications

  40. OBIS – future uses Revelations from new data analysis • Effects of climate change • Predicting spread of invasive species • Biodiversity hotspots at species and phylum levels • Interconnected-ness of ocean regions (seascape ecology) • Phylo- and macro- geography – evolution of fauna and flora at population and species levels Expanded infrastructure ? • Catalogue of all marine life (CaML) • Species identification and information • Habitat classification and mapping

  41. Achievable vision • All valid marine species names on-line within 7 years • All known marine species listed in the Catalogue of Life • Species guides (descriptions and images) on-line • Species distributions on-line • Improved quality control in identification and taxonomy • Increased rate of species being described • New discoveries and understandings of role of biodiversity in ecosystems based on data

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