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Psychological Disorders Present students with an assessment of depression that includes several main criteria

Psychological Disorders Present students with an assessment of depression that includes several main criteria . Activity: Handout 13-16. Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression scale (CES-D)

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Psychological Disorders Present students with an assessment of depression that includes several main criteria

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  1. Psychological DisordersPresent students with an assessment of depression that includes several main criteria

  2. Activity: Handout 13-16 • Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression scale (CES-D) • Directions: Indicate how often the following were true for you over the past 2 weeks using this scale: • 0 = rarely/none to 3 = most of the time

  3. Activity • I was bothered by things that usually don’t bother me. • I felt that I could not shake off the blues even with the help from my friends or family. • I felt that I was just as good as other people.

  4. Activity • I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing. • I felt that everything I did was an effort. • I felt hopeful about the future. • I felt my life had been a failure. • I felt fearful. • I felt lonely. • People were unfriendly.

  5. Scoring • Reverse the numbers placed in response to statements 3 and 6 • (i.e., 0 = 3, 1 = 2, 2 = 1, 3 = 0) • Add the numbers in front of all 10 items

  6. Interpreting • Scores can range from 0 to 30, with higher scores reflecting greater distress • most respondents score in the lower range

  7. Defining Psychological Disorders Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).

  8. Deviant, Distressful & Dysfunctional • Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal, while in others it may lead to arrest. • Deviant behavior must accompany distress. • If a behavior is dysfunctional it is clearly a disorder. Carol Beckwith In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal.

  9. Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition, DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000), describes 400 psychological disorders compared to 60 in the 1950s.

  10. Multiaxial Classification Axis I Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis II Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis III Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis IV Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis V What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?

  11. Goals of DSM • Describe (400) disorders. • Determine how prevalent the disorder is. Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar. Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”

  12. The Biopsychosocial Approach Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

  13. Mood Disorders Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. • Major depressive disorder • Bipolar disorder

  14. Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). Blue mood Major Depressive Disorder Gasping for air after a hard run Chronic shortness of breath

  15. Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. Signs include: • Lethargy and fatigue • Feelings of worthlessness • Loss of interest in family & friends • Loss of interest in activities

  16. Bipolar Disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Desire for action Tired Hyperactive Slowness of thought Multiple ideas

  17. Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase. Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Bettmann/ Corbis

  18. Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: • Behavioral and cognitive changes • Common causes of depression

  19. Theory of Depression • Gender differences

  20. Theory of Depression • Depressive episodes self-terminate. • Stressful events often precede depression. • Depression is increasing, especially in the teens. Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images Post-partum depression

  21. Suicide Statistics • National differences • Racial differences • Gender differences • Age differences • Other differences Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.

  22. Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Jerry Irwin Photography

  23. The Depressed Brain PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine

  24. Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

  25. Negative Thoughts and Moods Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

  26. Depression Cycle • Negative stressful events. • Pessimistic explanatory style. • Hopeless depressed state. • These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

  27. Ryan’s social phobia has led him to lose jobs and relationships. In this case, Ryan has a disorder because his behavior is: • A. dangerous. • B. common. • C. medically based. • D. dysfunctional.

  28. The DSM-IV is a diagnostic guide that: A. describes psychological disorders and their prevalence. B. describes psychological disorders and their causes. C. describes only disorders that have medical causes. D. has been shown to have poor reliability and validity.

  29. Amanda’s therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss. Her therapist’s suggestion best illustrates a: • A. DSM-IV diagnosis. • B. psychoanalytic perspective. • C. medical model. • D. social-cognitive perspective.

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