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Overview of Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomical Classification

Learn about the binomial system of nomenclature, hierarchy of taxa, and distinguishing features of plant and animal phyla. Understand how species are classified based on external characteristics.

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Overview of Binomial Nomenclature and Taxonomical Classification

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  1. 5.5 Classification

  2. i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D.

  3. 5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. • Linnaeus; Greek/Latin • Genus 1st: capitalized, underlined • Species 2nd: not cap., but underlined • Homosapiens • Later reference can be H. sapiens • Name in brackets afterwards = who 1st named/identified • Malaclemysterrapin [Schoepf] • WHY? • Universal language vs. common names • Show evolutionary relationships

  4. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Plantae Angiospermophyta Magnoliopsida Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca milkweed Animalia Chordata Aves Piciformes Picidae Campephilus principalis Ivory-billed woodpecker

  5. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. • More similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationships • Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms) • Now...5 (or 6) Kingdoms • Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista (Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

  6. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles, store starch Differences: vegetation (leaves, stems) reproduction

  7. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Bryophyta • Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts • STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry (liverworts) • NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle • Non-vascular • NO xylem/phloem • Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore  new plant • NO flowers/seeds

  8. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Filicinophyta • Ferns & Horsetails • Height up to 20 m • STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous) • Divided LEAVES; ROOTS • Vascular (xylem, phloem) • Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain spores

  9. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Coniferophyta • Conifers, pines • STEMS: woody (lignin) • Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; ROOTS • Vascular system (tracheids) • Trees up to 100 m; Shrubs • Repro structure = monoecious • Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) on same plant but different flowers

  10. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Angiospermophyta: • Flowers, fruits, & grasses • STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES • Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem) • Waxy cuticle • Annual or perennial, up to 100 m • Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen grains produced by anthers • Seeds in fruit (ovary)! • (NO cones)  animal pollination often

  11. earthworms

  12. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: 30+ Animal Phyla These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no chlorophyll, store glycogen Phylum Porifera: • Sea sponges • Simple, sessile • # layers in body plan: • none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells • No muscle/nerves, no organs • Opening for mouth/anus: • Neither (filter feed) • Method of support: • silica or Ca spicules linked together

  13. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Cnidaria: • Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals (sessile) • # layers in body plan: • 2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry) • Opening for mouth/anus: • 1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients • Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxins • Method of support: • CaCO3 skeleton

  14. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Platyhelminthes: • Flatworms...Flatty Platty!  • parasitic or free-living • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • 1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area) • No heart/lungs • Method of support: • muscle layers

  15. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Annelida: • Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, polychaetes) • parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some specialization • Gas exchange through skin • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Method of support: • muscle layers

  16. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Mollusca: • Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopus • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills) • Method of support: • muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell

  17. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Arthropoda: • Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes • Very diverse & adapted group! • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Jointed body segments & appendages; some fly • Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)

  18. 5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. • DICHOTOMOUS Keys • ?  2 alternative answers • Focus on details as you go through • Most characteristics readily observed/measured • Group things... • Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental factors • Shape, # of things • Classify each organism with a final id’d name

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