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Tissues

Tissues. Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3. Tissue. A group of cells that is similar in structure and function. A group of similar cells working to do the same job. Histology. The study of tissues. 4 Primary Types of Tissue. Epithelium covering Connective support Muscular movement

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Tissues

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  1. Tissues Vertebrate Anatomy Chapter 3

  2. Tissue • A group of cells that is similar in structure and function. • A group of similar cells working to do the same job.

  3. Histology • The study of tissues

  4. 4 Primary Types of Tissue • Epithelium • covering • Connective • support • Muscular • movement • Nervous • control

  5. Tissues and Organs • Organs are made of tissues. • Arrangement of the different tissues determines the structure and function of the organ.

  6. Epithelial Tissue • Main functions • Lining • Covering • Glandular • Forms boundaries that separate the body from the outside • Thus, any substance given off or received by the body must pass through epithelium

  7. Functions of Epithelium • Protection • Skin protects the internal body from • Biological damage • infection • Chemical damage • poison • And more…

  8. Functions of Epithelium • Absorption • Example: lining of small intestine absorbs nutrients from food. Your small intestine can absorb almost as much as me!

  9. Functions of Epithelium • Filtration • Epithelium in the kidneys filters out toxins from the bloodstream.

  10. Functions of Epithelium • Secretion • Glands produce products called secretions • Sweat • Oil • Digestive enzymes • Mucus • Hormones

  11. Special Characteristics of Epithelium • Cells fit closely together • Form continuous sheets • Cells bound at many points by junctions • Desmosomes • Tight junctions

  12. Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium • Always one free/unattached/exposed surface • Top (apical) surface is exposed to • Exterior • Cavity (internal space) of an internal organ • For example – the inside of the stomach

  13. Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium • Lower surface of epithelium always rests on a basement membrane

  14. Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium • Epithelial tissues have NO blood supply of their own. • Avascular • Rely on diffusion from capillaries in underlying tissue.

  15. Structure of Membranes made of Epithelium • Epithelial tissues can regenerate themselves easily

  16. Classification of Epithelium • Classification according to number of cell layers • Simple epithelium • Composed of 1 layer of cells • Stratified epithelium • Composed of more than 1 layer of cells

  17. Classification of Epithelium • Classification according to shape of cells • Squamous • flat • Cuboidal • Like dice • Columnar • Like columns

  18. Simple Epithelia • Used in • Absorption • Secretion • Filtration • Generally thin • Found in places where diffusion,etc. occur • Air sacs of lungs • Capillaries • NOT good at protection

  19. Other Simple Epithelium Membranes • Serous membranes • Slick membranes that line the body cavity and cover internal organs • Mucous membranes • Line body cavities that open to the exterior • Example • nasal passages • stomach

  20. Stratified Epithelium • More durable • Protection • Found in places that get abuse/friction • Skin • Mouth • Esophagus

  21. Glandular Epithelia • Cells produce secretions • Two types of glands • Endocrine • Secrete hormones • Exocrine • Have ducts and secrete onto a surface • Like sweat

  22. Connective Tissue • Connects body parts • Found everywhere • Most abundant • Most widespread

  23. Connective Tissue Functions • Protection • Support • Binding

  24. Vascularization (blood vessels) of Connective Tissue • Most connective tissue is well vascularized, but NOT all are well vascularized. • Connective tissue that is not vascularized • Tendons • Ligaments • Cartilage • Broken bones heal quicker than torn ligaments due to greater vascularization of bones

  25. Connective Tissue Structure • Cells stuck in a nonliving extracellular matrix • Like raisins stuck in raisin bread. • Matrix provides hardness (in tissues that are hard)

  26. Formation of Extracelluar Matrix • Produced by cells • Secreted to the outside of the cells • Matrix has two main parts • Ground substance • Made mostly of water and chemicals that give it firmness • Fluid to rock-like • Fibers

  27. Fibers of the Extracellular Matrix • Collagen • Elastic • Reticular

  28. Collagen Fibers • White fibers • High tensile strength • Won’t break when stretched

  29. Elastic fibers • Yellow fibers • Can stretch and recoil

  30. Reticular Fibers • Fine collagen fibers • Form “skeleton” of soft organs such as spleen

  31. Major Types of Connective Tissue (from most rigid to softest) • Bone • Cartilage • Dense Connective Tissue • Loose Connective Tissue • Blood

  32. Bone • Osseous tissue • Prefix “Osteo-” = bone • Hardness given by calcium salts • Though bone is hard, it also has amazing flexibility provided by organic components • Functions • Support • Protection • Movement • With muscles

  33. Cartilage • Less hard and more flexible than bone • Found in only a few places • 3 types • Hyaline • Fibrocartilage • Elastic cartilage

  34. Hyaline Cartilage • Most widespread type of cartilage • Found in • Larynx • Ribs to sternum • Ends of long bones • Fetal skeleton

  35. Fibrocartilage • Found in discs separating the vertebrae • Very dense with thick collagen fibers throughout

  36. Elastic Cartilage • Found in the external ear. • Looks similar to hyaline cartilage, but has elastic fibers in matrix

  37. Dense Connective Tissue • Dense with collagen fibers • Resists tension • Forms • Tendons • Attach muscle to bone • Ligaments • Attach bone to bone • Also found in the • dermis

  38. Loose Connective Tissue • Soft • Two main types (really 3 but…) • Aereolar • Adipose

  39. Areolar Tissue • The most widely distributed of all connective tissues • Cushions/protects body organs • Appears as lots of empty space • Water reservoir • Aereolar tissue soaks up excess fluid in inflamed areas • edema

  40. Adipose Tissue • Fat • Functions • Insulation • Protect organs • Protect eyeballs • Fuel storage

  41. Blood • Extracellular matrix = plasma • Function = transport of nutrients, etc. • VERY loosely bound connective tissue

  42. Muscle Tissue • Highly specialized to contract / shorten • 3 main types • Skeletal • Cardiac • Smooth

  43. Skeletal Muscle • Attached to bones • Causes gross (large) body movement • VOLUNTARY • Striated • Striped appearance in microscope

  44. Cardiac Muscle • Found only in the heart • INVOLUNTARY • Striations (like skeletal) but other differences • Shorter cells • Fit very tightly together

  45. Smooth Muscle • No striations • Walls of hollow organs like: • Stomach • Esophagus • Intestines • Peristalsis • Wave-like motions that push food along digestive tract

  46. Nervous Tissue • Cell type • Receive and conduct electrochemical impulses • Control

  47. Tissue Repair • Two types • Regeneration • Fibrosis

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