ANTI-MICROBIAL USAGE IN THE COMMUNITY AND RESISTANCE IN E.COLI

1. ANTI-MICROBIAL USAGE IN THE COMMUNITY AND RESISTANCE IN E.COLI FROM URINE OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDIA Thomas K1, Mathai E1, Mathai M1, Chandy SJ1, Joseph I1, Oommen R1, Mathew J1, Antonisamy B1, Banerjee M1, Cherian S1, RajaratnamA1 Holloway K2, Sorensen T2 1Rational Antimicrobial Use Study Team, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India 2WHO, Geneva

2. ABSTRACT • ANTIMICROBIAL USE IN THE COMMUNITY AND RESISTANCE IN E.COLI – • - FROM URINE OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN INDIA • Thomas K1, Mathai E1, Mathai M1, Chandy SJ1, Joseph I1, Oommen R1, Mathew J1, Antonisamy B1, Banerjee M1, Cherian S1, RajaratnamA1 Holloway K2, Sorensen T2 • 1Rational Antimicrobial Use Study Team, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India, • 2WHO, Geneva • Objective: To document the pattern of antimicrobial use in the community and relate this to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in Escherichia coli • Design: An ecological surveillance study. • Setting: Health facilities and pharmacy shops in rural and urban areas • Method:. • Data on antimicrobial use - from a random selection of private practitioners, • hospitals and pharmacy shops using structured questionnaires. • Bulk drug data - from pharmacy shops, and hospitals. • Resistance data - from commensal E.coli isolated from urine of • asymptomatic pregnant women. • Main Outcome Measures: • 1. Percentage of patients given specific antimicrobials. • 2. Percentage of resistance of E.coli to specific antimicrobials. • Results: • In 11421 patient encounters, one antibiotic was prescribed in 5400(47.3%). • Among the 5400, 2091 (38.7 %) contained one injectable medication. • The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were: • Fluoroquinolones (14.0%), Amoxicillin/Ampicillin (11.4 %), Cotrimoxazole (7.1%) • and Cephalosporins (5.6%). • 1068 pregnant women were recruited (546 urban, 522 rural) . • E.coli growth was noted in 535 contaminated urine specimens • E.coliresistance : • Norfloxacin (3.8%), Ampicillin (20.1%), Cotrimoxazole (23.8%), Cefalexin (2.4%) • Conclusion: • Initialresults show high levels of antimicrobial use in the community. • Time series analysis may establish association of drug use & resistance. • This information will help to plan interventions for rational drug use.

3. Background • Bacterial resistance to anti-microbial agents is on the increase. • Monitoring relationship between anti-microbial usage and resistance pattern in bacterial pathogens: - an important tool to demonstrate need for rational drug use.  • A surveillance of anti-microbial resistance pattern of E.coli in urine specimens from pregnant women was initiated. • This resistance pattern was related to the prescription pattern of antimicrobials in the community. • The documentation of a temporal relationship between drug resistance and usage can be used to plan an intervention. • This intervention once implemented may facilitate rational antimicrobial use

4. Aims & Objectives • Aim: • Phase 1: To establish an integrated surveillance model of • anti-microbial resistance and use • Phase 2: To develop an intervention to improve rational antimicrobial use and contain anti-microbial resistance. • Specific Objectives of Phase 1: • 1.    To determine anti-microbial resistance of E.coli isolated from urine of pregnant women in rural and urban setting. • To describe the antimicrobial prescribing patterns • in the same areas, on a monthly basis. • To determine the ecological association between • resistance pattern and antimicrobial usage.              

5. Methods Design: • An ecological surveillance Setting: • Public and private health facilities and pharmacy shops • 1. Urban community -Vellore Town area, South India • 2. Rural community -KV Kuppam block, South India • Data Collection: • A. ANTIMICROBIAL USAGE - • A list of private practitioners, hospitals and pharmacy shops in urban and rural areas was made. • Drug usage was studied using two methodologies: • 1. Individual Drug Use Patterns 2. Bulk Drug Use

6. 1. Individual Drug Use • 15 facilities were selected in both Vellore town (urban area) and KV Kuppam block (rural area). • In each area, 5 private practitioners, 5 hospitals and 5 pharmacy shops were randomly selected. • Every month, each facility was visited and exit interview was conducted using a structured questionnaire format. • 30 patients being prescribed or dispensed any antimicrobial agent were included from each facility. • From data collected, the outcomes determined were: •   Total number of drugs prescribed per patient •   Percentage of patients prescribed a specific antimicrobial •   Percentage of patients prescribed multiple antimicrobials • Percentage of patients given an injection

7. 2. Bulk Drug Use • 5 pharmacy shops selected from both urban and rural area • - Bulk use was determined using purchase and sales data • In rural area, bulk use was also estimated in 5 hospitals - Data was collected using the drug stock register • In urban area, bulk use was also estimated in CMC hospital (tertiary health care facility) • - Data was collected from pharmacy computer system • The DDD/1000 patients /month was calculated for a specific antimicrobial in a facility using two parameters: • The quantity of specific antimicrobials dispensedevery month expressed as number of defined daily dose (DDD) . • 2. The total number of patients visiting a facility in a month.

8. B. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: • Approximately 100 pregnant women recruited monthly from the antenatal clinics in : 1. CMC Hospital, Vellore (urban) 2. RUHSA hospital, KV Kuppam Block (rural). • Subjects taking antimicrobials during enrollment or who received antimicrobials during previous week excluded. • In women who were symptomatic or suspected to have UTI, midstream urine was collected aseptically and cultured. • Women who were asymptomatic and not suspected to have UTI were instructed to collect deliberatively contaminated urine in a sterile container. • The urine specimens were cultured in Maconkey agar. • Susceptibility test was performed in all isolates for antimicrobials used in treatment of UTI and other common gram negative infections. • The primary microbiological outcome was the percentage of isolates resistant to specific antimicrobials.

9. C. DATA MANAGEMENT • Software was developed for data entry. • All data regarding patient recruitment, antimicrobial usage and antimicrobial resistance was entered on a regular basis. • Data was double entered and verification was done routinely. • Analysis was done using SPSS version 11.5 software. • Update reports were discussed during the monthly investigators meeting.

10. Results • Antibiotic Usage Pattern • 5400 patients (47.3 %) prescribed or dispensed one • antimicrobial from a total of 11421 patient encounters. • 406 patients (7.5 %) were prescribed more than one antimicrobial. • 2091 (38.7 %) had at least one injection • The commonly prescribed antimicrobials were: •     Fluoroquinolones – 14.0 % • Amoxycillin/ampicillin – 11.4%   •   Cotrimoxazole – 7.1 % • Cephalosporins – 5.6 % • Preliminary Data Analysis of Resistance in E. coli : • 535 consecutive E. coli isolated from contaminated urine • E. coli resistance determined for specific antimicrobials: • Norfloxacin - 3.8% • Ampicillin - 20.1% • Cotrimoxazole - 23.8% • Cefalexin - 2.4%

11. INDIVIUDAL patient USE of COTRIMOXAZOLE and RESISTANCE of E. coli - in health facilities RURAL AREA 60 50 40 Pharmacy drug use Hospital drug use 30 % Ecoli Resistance & % Drug Use Ecoli Resistance GP drug use 20 10 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan URBAN AREA 35 30 25 Pharmacy drug use 20 Hospital drug use Ecoli Resistance % Ecoli Resistance & % Drug Use 15 GP drug use 10 5 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

12. BULK USE of COTRIMOXAZOLE and RESISTANCE of E. coli - in health facilities RURAL AREA 1200 40 1000 30 800 Pharmacy drug use 600 20 Hospital drug use DDD / 1000 patients % Ecoli Resistance 400 Ecoli Resistance 10 200 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan URBAN AREA 250 40 200 30 Pharmacy drug use 150 DDD/ 1000 patients 20 CMC drug use 100 % Ecoli Resistance Ecoli Resistance 10 50 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

13. Conclusions • High levels of antimicrobial use in the community (43.7%) • Commonly used antimicrobials are fluoroquinolones (14%), amoxycillin/ ampicillin (11.4%) and cotrimoxazole (7.1%) • Some antimicrobials with higher resistance in E.coli such as Cotrimoxazole, are more frequently used in community. • As data is collected , its hoped that definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance. • This information will be used in Phase II - to plan multi-dimensional interventions. • These interventions should be planned based on local evidence targetting health administrators, health providers and consumers to improve rational antimicrobial use.