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Colonization and Independence: The Founding of American Colonies

This pageant review explores the haphazard founding of American colonies and the subsequent struggle for independence from Great Britain. From the policy of salutary neglect to the Proclamation of 1763, the French and Indian Wars, the Boston Tea Party, the Stamp Act Congress, and the Declaration of Independence, this review covers key events and their significance. Learn about the challenges of colonial disunity, the rise of republicanism, and the role of influential figures like Patrick Henry and Nathaniel Greene. Discover the impact of alliances with France and the contributions of the American Navy, culminating in the Battle of Yorktown.

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Colonization and Independence: The Founding of American Colonies

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  1. Pageant 6-8 Review

  2. Founding of Colonies • Done in a haphazard manner • Colonists argued that GB didn’t care until they were successful • New World- fertile for change

  3. Salutary Neglect • 1713-1763 “Policy” of the British towards the colonies • Sir Robert Walpole

  4. French Colonization • Occurred after the end of religious wars in France • No popularly elected assemblies • Beavers were a valuable resource

  5. Braddock • Killed while attempting to defeat the French and Indians in western Pa.

  6. William Pitt • Focused Britain’s military efforts on North America

  7. French and Indian Wars • Beginning of American involvement in all world wars • War centered on Ohio River Valley

  8. Albany Congress • Franklin’s plan- not independent enough for colonists

  9. Results of the Seven Year’s War • New spirit of independence for the colonists • French threat disappeared • Colonists wanted western lands

  10. Chief Pontiac • Realized the Indians were in a precarious position after the French and Indian War

  11. Francis Bernard • Gov. of Massachusetts • Called for colonial reorganization after F+I Wars

  12. Colonial Disunity • Distances • Geographical barriers • Religious differences • Various nationalities

  13. Proclamation of 1763 • Prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

  14. Republicanism • Society depended on willingness of citizens to sacrifice private interests to the common good

  15. Boston Tea Party • One of many protests • Led to the Intolerable Acts

  16. Intolerable Acts • Closed Boston Harbor • Massachusetts Government Act- governor’s council now appointed by king, town hall meetings only once a year • Administration of Justice Act- government or customs officers tried in GB • New, harsher Quartering Act

  17. “Virtual Representation” • Every member of Parliament represented all British subjects

  18. Colonial Unity • Stamp Act Congress • Nonimportation Agreements • Spinning Bees • Making and Wearing of homemade goods

  19. Parliament • Passed legislation to benefit British merchants • Mercantilism- benefits the mother country

  20. Patrick Henry • Claimed only the House of Burgesses had the right to tax Virginians

  21. Sugar Act- 1764 • Raise tax revenues in colonies • Violators to be tried in Admiralty Courts • Protested and Lowered

  22. Stamp Act- 1765 • Raise revenues to support military • Admiralty Courts- provided for with Sugar and Stamp Act

  23. Stamp Act Congress 1765 • Delegates from 9 colonies • Sent letter to King • Merchants stop importing British goods • Sons of Liberty formed

  24. Townshend Acts • Light and Indirect tax • Preferred over the Sugar and Stamp Acts

  25. Boston Massacre • Conflict initiated by colonists • 11 shot, 5 killed

  26. Gaspee Incident • British patrol vessel ran aground off of Rhode Island • Burned by colonists

  27. British Whigs • Rooted for American Independence • Feared that if George III triumphed, he might be too powerful

  28. Boston Tea Party • Resulted in the “Intolerable Acts”

  29. First Continental Congress • Established to air grievances to England • Mid colonies- led movement to be cautious

  30. Committees of Correspondence • Showed the feasibility of representative government • Organized and coordinated activities

  31. Colonial Advantages • Outstanding civil and military leaders • Knowledge of terrain • Easier to supply and communicate • Alliance with France

  32. Lexington and Concord • April 19th 1775 • British attempt to confiscate arms

  33. Battle of Bunker Hill • Resulted in George III declaring the colonies in rebellion • Great Britain hires Hessian mercenaries

  34. Second Continental Congress • Initially no well-defined sentiment for independence

  35. Declaration of Independence • Stressed natural rights of humankind • Justified the break with GB • Added the misdeeds of King George III

  36. Colonial Invasion of Canada • Contradicted American claim that they were fighting a defensive war

  37. Battle For New York • Washington defeated and heads across New Jersey

  38. Washington’s Crossing • Christmas 1776 • Defeated Hessians and British

  39. Saratoga • Burgoyne surrenders a British army to Horatio Gates • Resulted in direct French aid

  40. Nathaniel Greene • Frustrated Cornwallis in the Carolinas

  41. Frontier • Pioneers continued to move westward during the war

  42. Indians during the Revolution • Some joined the British- hoping victory would curb colonial expansion • Thayendanegea, Mohawk

  43. Thomas Paine • Government should derive authority from popular consent

  44. Loyalists • Some fled to Great Britain • Some re-established in America • Some had property confiscated • Some were exiled • Some fought with British • Known as Tories

  45. Alliance with France • America’s first alliance • Doubled the size of colonial fighting forces • French agreed after Saratoga • Wanted revenge against Great Britain

  46. John Paul Jones • Father of US Navy • Raided British shipping • Actually invaded the British Isles

  47. Yorktown • French navy prevented escape or reinforcements • British realized they couldn’t win war

  48. Results of War • Generous terms from British Whigs • Border to Mississippi

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