1 / 87

PowerPoint Presentation

Learn about the essential drawing instruments and techniques used in architectural drafting, including orthographic projection, freehand sketching, computer-aided drafting, and more.

patriciajmiller
Download Presentation

PowerPoint Presentation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. PowerPointPresentation PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois 1

  2. Chapter 4 Drawing Instruments and Techniques 2

  3. Chapter 4 Overview • Introduction • Orthographic Projection • Three Principal Views • Architectural Manual Drafting Equipment • Freehand Sketching 3 (continued)

  4. Chapter 4 Overview • Computer-Aided Drafting and Design • Lines Used in Architectural Drafting • Architectural Lettering • CADD Symbols Library 4

  5. Learning Objectives • Define the three principal views in orthographic projection. • List and explain the use of architectural drafting equipment. • Explain the difference between size and scale. • Reproduce the standard alphabet of lines. (continued) 5

  6. Learning Objectives • Demonstrate an acceptable architectural lettering style. • Freehand sketch. • Identify the basic components of a CADD workstation. 6

  7. Introduction • Understanding basic drafting practices and the use of equipment is expected before attempting architectural drafting. • Most of the equipment and principles are similar to mechanical drafting. • A review of the basic drawing concepts will establish a foundation for architectural drafting. 7

  8. Orthographic Projection • Orthographic projection is the most basic drafting technique. • A means of representing the height, width, and depth of a three-dimensional object on two-dimensional paper. • The object is viewed at infinity, thus projection lines are parallel to each other. • Typically, three views are used. 8

  9. Orthographic Projection • This camp cottage shows the arrangement of views in orthographic projection. 9

  10. Three Principal Views • The three principal views in orthographic projection are the top, front, and right side views. • In architectural drafting, the views are similar but have different names. • The top view of a house is called a planview; used as the basis for most other drawings. (continued) 10

  11. Three Principal Views • The floor plan is a top view in section taken about half way up the wall. • The front elevation in architectural drafting is the same as the front view in mechanical drafting. • Architectural drafters ordinarily draw a view of each side of the structure, which are called elevations. 11

  12. Three Principal Views • How orthographic views are projected. 12

  13. Drafting Equipment • An architectural drafter uses equipment that is designed for specific purposes. • Using this specialized equipment requires skill and understanding. • The manual drafter uses traditional equipment such as triangles and scales. • The CADD drafter produces drawings on a computer. (continued) 13

  14. Drafting Equipment • Common manual drafting equipment. (continued) 14 (Koh-I-Noor Rapidograph, Inc.)

  15. Drafting Equipment • Common CADD workstation. 15

  16. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Pencils used in manual drafting are available in wood and mechanical types. (continued) 16 (Berol USA)

  17. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The most popular types of erasers used by architectural drafters are rubber and plastic. (continued) 17

  18. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Electric erasers can be used to quickly erase large areas. (continued) 18 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  19. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Erasing shields are made of metal or plastic. They are thin to provide for accurate erasing. (continued) 19 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  20. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Most architectural drawings are finished on tracing paper, velum, or drafting film. • Paper Sizes • A-size (9" x 12") • B-size (12" x 18") • C-size (18" x 24") • D-size (24" x 36") • E-size (36" x 48") (continued) 20

  21. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Common paper sizes. (continued) 21

  22. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drawing Boards • Standard sizes:12" x 18", 18" x 24", 24" x 36", and 30" x 42". • Materials: White pine, basswood, and plywood. • T-Squares • Materials: Wood, metal, plastics, and a combination. (continued) 22

  23. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Drafting machines speed the work of the manual drafter and are usually permanently attached to the drafting table. (continued) 23 (Vemco Corporation)

  24. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Triangles are used to draw nonhorizontal lines. • 45° and 30°-60° triangles. • Metal or plastic. • Adjustable triangle (shown). (continued) 24 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  25. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Protractors are used for measuring angles. • Semicircular and circular styles. (continued) 25

  26. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Architectural drafters use architect’s, engineer’s, and combination scales. 26

  27. Architect’s Scale • Divided into 3/32", 3/16", 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", 1", 1-1/2", and 3" to the foot. • One edge divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 12 units to the foot. • Used for most work. 27

  28. Engineer’s Scale • Divided into 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 parts to the inch. • Divisions based on 10 units to the inch. • The engineer’s scale is used by the architectural drafter to draw plot plans. 28

  29. Combination Scale • Divided into 1/8", 1/4", 1/2", 3/8", 3/4", and 1" to the foot. • One edge is divided into 50 parts to the inch. • One edge is divided into 16 parts to the inch. • Divisions include 12 units to the foot and 10 units to the inch. 29

  30. Size Compared to Scale • “Size” and “scale” need clarification. • “Half size” means the drawing is one half as large as the object. • Scale: 1/2" = 1'-0" means the drawing is 1/2 scale. • 1/2 scale means 1/2" on the drawing = 1'-0" on the object. • Residential plans are generally 1/4" = 1'-0" scale. 30

  31. Reading the Scale • The 1/8" = 1'-0" and 1/4"=1'-0" scales are printed on the upper edge of this architect’s scale. (continued) 31

  32. Reading the Scale • The proper method of measuring 16'-4" using the 1/4" = 1'-0" scale. 32

  33. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Dividers are used to divide a line into a number of parts. • Three types are shown. (continued) 33

  34. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The compass is used to draw circles, arcs, or radii. • Center-wheel type shown. (continued) 34

  35. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The beam compass is used to draw large arcs. (continued) 35

  36. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering guides are used to draw guidelines for hand lettering. • Types: Ames and Braddock-Rowe. (continued) 36

  37. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Irregular curves are used to draw curved lines that cannot be drawn with a compass. • Flexible curve. (continued) 37

  38. Traditional Drafting Equipment • The case instruments may include dividers, compass, lining pens, pencil pointers, spare parts, small screwdriver, and various other instruments. (continued) 38

  39. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Lettering devices are used when uniformity of letters is essential. • Stencil type. (continued) 39

  40. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Technical pens are used to ink a drawing. Points are interchangeable and range from 000 to 8. (continued) 40 (Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.)

  41. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Templatesserve as guides in drawing special lines or symbols. Most are made of plastic. (continued) 41 (Berol USA)

  42. Traditional Drafting Equipment • Gridsare available in a wide variety of sizes and forms: square, isometric, and perspective. 42

  43. Freehand Sketching • Freehand sketching is a method of making a drawing without the use of instruments. • Most designers use sketches to “think through” an idea before making the final drawing. • Freehand sketching requires only a pencil and plain or grid paper. (continued) 43

  44. Freehand Sketching • Cross-section paper may be used for freehand sketching. 44

  45. Sketching Technique • When sketching, hold the pencil with a grip firm enough to control the strokes. • Your arm and hand should have a free and easy movement. • As you sketch, rotate the pencil slightly between the strokes to retain the point longer. • Initial lines should be sharp and light. (continued) 45

  46. Sketching Technique • Apply light pressure to avoid making grooves in the paper. • Keep your eye on the point where the line will end; use a series of short strokes to reach that point. • When all the lines are sketched, go back and darken the lines. • Strive for neatness and good technique. (continued) 46

  47. Sketching Technique • When sketching, grip your the pencil farther back than you normally would. 47

  48. Sketching Horizontal Lines • There are four basic steps. 48

  49. Sketching Vertical Lines • There are four basic steps. 49

  50. Sketching Inclined Lines • Locate the end points of the line. • Position arm for trial movement. • Sketch several short, light lines. • Focus on end point. • Darken the line. 50

More Related