Native Americans and Settlers: Food, Climate, and Cultures in 1491-1607

1. Period One 1491-1607 5% of the test

2. The Environmental Challenge:Food, Climate, and Culture • Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat • Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species • Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role • 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution • Crops included maize, squash, and beans • Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

3. Similarities and Differences between Native Americans and English Settlers Similarities Differences Did not share the concept of private property Native American children part of Mother’s clan • Lived in village communities • Strong sense of spirituality • Divided labor by gender • Depended on agricultural economies

4. Test Tip • Cultural regions • Describe how geographic conditions influenced culture prior to arrival of Europeans

5. Columbian Exchange • animals, foods, people move between three regions • Europe, America, Africa • Disease also spreads killing millions of Native Americans

6. Encomienda System • Allowed Spain to gain control and seize ownership of Indian lands • Enslaved Native-Americans • Christianize Native-Americans • First to bring Africans to replace Native Americans

7. Pueblo Revolt • Spanish disrupted the Pueblo’s traditional culture • Forcing them into encomiendas • Pope, Pueblo leader led a revolt • Killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed their buildings and fields • When Pope died the Spanish returned • But did not try to eliminate Pueblo culture

8. Test Tip • Period 1 generates a predictable set of multiple choice questions focusing on the following: • Geographic conditions • Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Characteristics of the encomienda system • Pueblo Revolt