Ancient Rome and Early Christianity

1. Ancient Rome and Early Christianity Chapter 6

2. Section One: The Romans Create a Republic

3. Rome’s Beginning • Began as a legend • Romulus and Remus • Sons of Mars (god) and Latin princess • Raised by she-wolf

4. Rome’s Beginning (Actual) • Actually 3 groups • Latins • Farmers and Shepherds from north • Settled Latium on Tiber River • First Romans • Greeks • Coast • Taught Romans to grow grapes and olives • Etruscans • Northern Italy • Writing and alphabet

5. Italy in 750 BCE

6. Religion Greek and Etruscans • Same as Greek but different names • Jupiter=Zeus • Juno=Hera • Rituals to gain favor of gods

7. A Republic Forms • 600 BC—Etruscan became king • 509 BC—Tarquin the Proud • Last king • Tyrant run out by aristocrats • Pledged never again to have a king • Republic formed • Citizens vote • Free born male citizens

8. Patricians and Plebeians • Wealthy landowners • Most power • Ancestry gave them right to make laws • Farmers, artisans, merchants • Voting citizens • Barred by law from holding important positions • Allowed to form assembly • Elect representatives--Tribunes

9. Twelve Tables 451 BC • Written law code • Why is it important? • Forced by the Plebeians • Significance • All citizens have right to protection under the law

10. Government—Best of All Systems • 2 Consuls=King • Command army, direct government • One year term, 10 yr. before reelection • Override each other • Senate • Aristocrat • Legislative • 300 members with life membership • Centuriate Assembly • Citizen-soldiers • Tribal Assembly • Plebeians • Made laws for common people

11. Government—Best of All Systems (Cont…) • Dictator • Appointed in time of crisis • Absolute power to make laws and command army • Lasted only six months • Chosen by consuls • Elected by Senate

12. Roman Army • All landowners required to serve • Some public office require 10 years • Organized into Legions • 5,000 foot soldiers • Supported by cavalry • Divided into a century (80 men) • Very effective

13. Rome Conquers Italy • 390 BC Romans defeated by Gauls • Celtic people from north • Romans rebuilt • Conquered all Italy but Po River Valley • Lenient to conquered people • Some made citizens

15. Rome’s Commercial Network • On the Mediterranean • Wine and olive oil • Rival was Carthage

16. Carthaginian Empire

17. The Punic Wars War with Carthage Begins 264 BC

18. 1st Punic War (264-241 BC) • Control of Sicily • Rich, grain growing island • Carthage lost • Sicily becomes first overseas province

19. 2nd Punic War (218 BC) • Hannibal led Carthage • Great military strategist • 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephants • Led army from Spain to Italy • Scipio • Came to lead Rome • Attacked Carthage • Hannibal had to return home • Romans won

20. Hannibal’s Route

21. 3rd Punic War (149-146 BC) • Carthage weak • Cato • Roman statesman • “Carthage must be destroyed” • Carthage seized and set on fire • 50,000 Carthaginians sold into slavery

22. Results • Gave Rome dominance over western Mediterranean • Opened way to eastern lands (Greece, Macedonia, and parts of Anatolia)

23. Section 2 The Roman Empire Brings Change

24. Expansion Creates Problems in the Republic • Gap between rich and poor wider • 1/3 of population slaves • Small farmers give way to rich farmers • Problems • Rich become corrupt • Slave discontent • Resentment among poor

25. Collapse of Republic • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Tribunes • Pledge to help poor • Senators opposed • Both killed • Tiberius 133 BC • Gaius 121 BC • Civil War results

26. Collapse cont… • Generals become leaders • Poor fight for money instead of loyalty to republic • Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Civil War • Sulla becomes dictator • Generals keep fighting • Julius Caesar brings order to Rome

27. Julius Caesar Takes Control (60BC)

28. The Triumvirate • Julius Caesar • Crassus • Wealthy Roman • Pompey • Popular general • Dominated Rome for 10 years

29. Caesar Wins Loyalty • Conquered all of Gaul (France) • Shared in men’s hardships • Popular with the people • Pompey orders Caesar home • Caesar refused • Leads army to Rome • Pompey flees and is defeated • Caesar appointed as dictator (for life) 44 BC

30. Reforms Under Caesar • Granted citizenship to those outside of Rome • Gave poor jobs • Expanded Senate • Friends and supporters added • Increase pay for soldiers • Threatened Senate

31. March 15th, 44 BC • Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius • Stabbed Caesar in the Senate chamber

32. Beginning of the Empire • After Civil War leaders emerge • Octavian—Julius’ grandson/adopted son • Marc Antony—experienced general • Lepidus—powerful politician • Became the SECOND TRIUMVIRATE • Purged Cicero—defender of the senate

33. Octavian Secures Power • Forces Lepidus to retire • Plots against Mark Antony • (He is in Egypt) • Octavian and Antony fight • Antony defeated and commits suicide • Octavian works with senate • Becomes Augustus—exalted one

34. Huge and Powerful Empire Develops • 207 years of peace • PAX ROMANA • 3 million square miles • 60-80 million people • 1 million in Rome

35. Economy • Based on Agriculture • 90% farmed • Other items acquired through trade • Common coinage used • Denarius • Roads connected to Persia and Russia • Used first for military • Silk Roads • Chinese silk

36. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

37. Managing the Empire • Huuuuuuuggge empire • Used men of provinces as support • Learned Roman culture and language • Became citizens after service • Significance? • Brought Roman way of life to provinces

38. Sound Effective Government • Augustus set the example • Civil service • Paid government officials • Tax collectors • Postal workers

39. Pax Romana Government Stronger than Emperors • 14 AD—Augustus dies • Tiberius—Augustus son • Caligula • Nero • Insane and unstable • Proves effectiveness of civil service in running empire

40. Problems with Succession • Always problem of civil war when emperor dies • Five Good Emperors • Solved problem • Each adopted heir • Support of people and military

41. Life in Imperial Rome

42. Men, Women and Family • Emphasize discipline, strength and loyalty • Gravitas • Eldest male—paterfamilias (head of family) • Women rights—nearly social equals to men • Own property • Testify in court • Could not vote

43. Children and Education • Boys favored • Girls given form of father’s name • Octavia II • Wealthy • Boys • went to school • Girls • Educated at home • Prepared for marriage • 12-15 to older men • Poor • Did not go to school • Had to work

44. Slaves • From conquered lands • Considered property • Hard labor • Gladiators—professional fighters • Strongest, healthiest males • Slaves of wealthy treated better

45. The Roman Colosseum

46. The Colosseum Interior

47. Gods and Goddesses • Early Romans • Numina—powerful spirits/divine forces • Lares—guardian spirits of family • Later Romans • Greek gods • Performed rituals • 100 AD • Many followed Asian religions • More personal and emotional

48. Food and Entertainment • Rich ate well • Most people could not meet bare necessities • Government supported people • Poor lived in shack tenements • To distract poor • Free games, races, gladiator battles • 150 holidays

49. Chapter 6 Section 3 The Rise of Christianity

50. Development of Christianity • Came from Judaism • Emphasized personal relationship between God and people • Appealed to Romans