Chapter 5: Ancient Rome and Christianity

1. Chapter 5: Ancient Rome and Christianity Section 1: Rome Takes Shape Ms. Blackburn

3. Geography of Rome • Italian Peninsula • Located at center of Mediterranean Sea • Rome: near center of Italy • was much easier to unify that Greece because • Not broken up like Greece • Mountains not as rugged • Broad, fertile plains in North and West which supported population growth

4. Early People • Rome shared peninsula with other peoples • Including Greeks (South) and Etruscans (North) • Etruscans- • North of Rome • Rome learned from them • Farming, building, alphabet • Romans drove out Etruscans and take over (509 B.C.)

5. 2 Types of Citizens • Patricians-wealthy landowners who held most of the power: inherited power and social status • Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population: can vote, but can’t rule

6. Roman Government • Republic • Power rests with the citizenswho have the right to vote for their leaders. • In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to free-born male citizens.

7. The Roman Republic (509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) • Senate • 300 members, patricians only, served for life • Consuls • 2 patricians elected every 2 years to supervise gov./armies • Dictator • Absolute ruler, used in times of crisis, 6 months • Tribunes • Elected by plebeians to protect their rights • Eventually entered higher offices and gained power

8. The Roman Republic(509 B.C. – 27 B.C.) THE TWELVE TABLES • First set of written Roman laws • 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets and hung in Forum. • Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law • Become the basis for later Roman law

9. Daily Life • Father is head of household, absolute power over family (law) • Education very important, everyone was being educated • Believed in many gods/goddesses

10. The Roman Army • All citizens were required to serve • Army was powerful: • Organization & fighting skill • Legion-military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback)

11. Section 2: Punic Wars Ms

12. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • Three Wars between Rome and Carthage • 1st Punic War- Rome gains control of Sicily & western Mediterranean Sea. The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

13. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • 2nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibal’s “surprise” attack through Spain & France • 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants • Romans experience severe losses, but eventually ward off attacks & invade North Africa The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

14. Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on their way to attack northern Italy.

15. Punic Wars(264-146 B.C.) • 3rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage • Scipio- Roman Strategist • Conquered people sold into slavery The destruction of Carthage during the Punic Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

16. SUCCESSION • In theory, the position of emperor was not hereditary • It was not passed down automatically from father to son • According to law, when an emperor dies, his power reverted back to the people of Rome and they could then give this power to whomever they liked • Yet Augustus, throughout his reign, planned for a hereditary succession and attempted to pass his power to his heir while he was still alive • Most Romans accepted this principle without serious opposition • Saw it as the only alternative to the bloody civil wars of the Late Republic

17. PEOPLE OF ROME DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS Patricians – wealthy, ruling class Plebians – working class Goal: To keep power & prestige through any means necessary Goal: Social & political equality

18. ROMAN SENATE The consuls ran the gov’t. and led the Roman army into battle. The praetors were the judges…but fairness was not guaranteed.

19. Pax Romana stands for “Roman Peace” This time in Rome lasted for 100 years under the outstanding leadership of 5 great emperors of Rome, including Hadrian & Marcus Aurelius.

20. Origin of the Etruscans • Between 900 and 500 BCE • Called themselves the Rasenna, the Greeks called them Tyrrhenioi; the Romans called them the Etruscans. • Came from eastern Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor. • Their land was called Etruria.

21. LIVY -wrote the “History of Rome” HOMER -Important to the ancient Romans -wrote “The Satires” about Roman life

22. IMPERATOR -commander-in-chief title -Octavian was given this title by the Senate as emperor OCTAVIAN

23. Architecture influenced by the Romans

25. Twelve Tables – 1st Roman Code of Law ***evolved into the Law of Nations --- natural law

26. Carthegenian general -defeated during the 2nd Punic War -known as one of the greatest military leaders of all time

27. JULIUS CAESAR -Dictator of Rome -known for trying to help the poor Killed by his own men ‘e tu, Brute?

28. MARC ANTONY -Fought with Octavian over control over Rome ANTONY & CLEOPATRA CLEOPATRA -Fell in love with Antony; sided Egypt with him but lost

29. Circus Maximus At first, the people thought Nero was rather fun. He was always doing crazy things. One day, Nero showed up at the Circus Maximus, ready to race! The Circus Maximus was a huge outdoor arena, with seating for 250,000 people. It was used mostly for chariot racing by the best professional racers. He still would have lost every race. He was that bad. Only no one dared to beat him. Anyone who tried had a fatal “accident” soon after.

30. THE HUNS Most famous leader? ATTILA *Tribe from Asia that became a major adversary of the Roman army *Acted like Vikings (took what they wanted, then left)

31. SPARTACUS Former slave who was forced to become a gladiator at the Colosseum -led a slave revolt and defeated many Roman armies despite overwhelming odds against him ****6,000 of his men were eventually crucified upon their capture!

32. ETRUSCANS HAD A MAJOR INFLUENCE ON THE ROMAN MILITARY AND THE WAY THE ROMANS DRESSED

33. Why was Rome so successful? • Great military leaders • Excellent diplomats • Practical in all matters

34. Gladiators had weapons… Christians did not!!! Christians were persecuted in the Colosseum for being unwilling to worship Roman gods and emperors -many were simply crucified; some were eaten by lions as fans watched