Writing Process: 1. Get ideas 2. Think 3. Organize 4. Write 5. Revise

1. Writing Process: • 1. Get ideas • 2. Think • 3. Organize • 4. Write • 5. Revise

2. Write a First Draft Every essay or paper is made up of three parts: • Introduction • Body • Conclusion

3. The introduction is the first paragraph of the paper. It often begins with a general statement about the topic and ends with a more specific statement of the main idea of your paper. The purpose of the introduction is to • let the reader know what the topic is • inform the reader about your point of view • arouse the reader's curiosity so that he or she will want to read about your topic

4. 2.The body of the paper follows the introduction. It consists of a number of paragraphs in which you develop your ideas in detail. • Limit each paragraph to one main idea. (Don't try to talk about more than one idea per paragraph.) • Prove your points continually by using specific examples and quotations. • Use transition words to ensure a smooth flow of ideas from paragraph to paragraph.

5. 3.The conclusion is the last paragraph of the paper. Its purpose is to • summarize your main points, leaving out specific examples • restate the main idea of the paper

6. Writing a topic sentence / thesis (statement) • A topic sentence is a single sentence which conveys the point you want to make and write about. It is the central idea of your passage. • A topic sentence should be neither a sentence fragment nor a question. • The topic sentence serves as a guide to yourself and to the reader. • Everything else in the paragraph should then develop and support in specific ways the single point given in the first sentence.

7. The topic sentence consists of two parts: the subject or the topic and controlling idea. • The subject is the limited topic which tells what a passage is about. • The controlling idea is the writer’s idea about the limited topic, which is usually expressed in a key word or words.

8. Cheating is common is everyday life • the topic is “cheating” and the controlling idea is “common in everyday life.”

9. The topic sentence consists of two parts: the subject or the topic and controlling idea. • The subject is the limited topic which tells what a passage is about. • The controlling idea is the writer’s idea about the limited topic, which is usually expressed in a key word or words.

10. There are two commonly used types of outlines: • The topic outline and the sentence outline. • 1) A topic outline • A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper. • All entries in a topic outline consist of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that is, gerund phraes or infinitive phrases.

11. Argumentation • The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. • While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. • Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative.

12. Argumentation makes use of the other three types of writing—description, narration, and above all exposition, • For argumentation and exposition are very closely related –argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.

13. Note • (1) A debatable point • 1) Mere statements of facts. Chinese doctors use acupuncture anesthesia to perform certain operations Acupuncture anesthesia should replace conventional anesthesia in all operations. • 2) Statements of personal preference Ba Jin is my favorite author. Ba Jin is the greatest Chinese writer of 20th century • 3) Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified Noise pollution is harmful to people’s health. • Noise pollution is the most harmful of all environmental pollution.

14. (2) Sufficient evidence Sufficient evidence includes common knowledge; specific examples; hard, not soft, evidence, or facts, not opinions, unless the opinions are expert and authoritative; statistics; and quotations from authorities. • (3) Good logic • All the facts and reasons that are given, as evidence should be logically connected with the conclusion and with each other. • Any fallacy illogic or wrong step in reasoning would leave the reader in doubt about the whole argument.

15. There are generally two ways of reasoning:1)Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning is the more common way. When we use induction, we start with facts and proceed from facts to a general conclusion. In other words, we move from specific examples to a general statement.2)Deductive reasoningThe process is just the opposite

16. (4) Clear logic(5) Good use of the other three types of writing—description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition(6) An honest and friendly attitude

17. Model 1 • Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that …. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that …. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. • There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, …. More importantly, ...Most important of all, …. • In summary, …. As a college student, I am supposed to …./ From above, we can predict that….

18. Model 2 • People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that …, while others point out that …. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. • For one thing, …. For another, …. Last but not the least, …. • To conclude, …. As a college student, I am supposed to …. /From above, we can predict that ….

19. Model 3 • There is no consensus of opinions among people about ….Some people are of the view that …，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that ….As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. • First of all, …. Furthermore, …. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, …. • A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that…. • As a college student, I am supposed to …./From above, we can predict that ….

20. The main parts of a paragraph It includes three parts: i) the topic sentence; ii) supporting sentences; iii) concluding sentences; • Note: Concluding sentences may be omitted if the paragraph is a short one.

21. Where should the topic sentence be placed? • i. at the very beginning—the first sentence is the topic sentence • ii. at the end of the paragraph—the last sentence • iii. there is no specific topic sentence or in the middle of the paragraph

22. A University Professor • 1A university professor has many duties. 2In the classroom, he or she lectures to the students and answers questions. 3If the professor is a science instructor, he or she also conducts laboratory experiments. 4During office hours, students are free to visit the professor to get help on difficult material or problems. 5In addition, a professor may often work for many hours in laboratory doing a research project. 6Another professor might spend his or her time writing a scholarly paper for a professional journal. 7Still another one might spend time writing a book. 8In conclusion, a professor is always a very busy person.

23. Answer: sentence 1 is the topic sentence, sentences2-7 are supporting sentences and sentence 8 is the concluding sentence.

24. E.X. • Topic1: The telephone plays an important role in modern life. There's no doubt that it has improved the quality of our lives in many ways. In other ways, however, it has had a negative effect on our lives. • Discuss both the positive and negative effects of the telephone on modern life. Support your ideas with reasons and examples. (250 words)

25. Topic 2: Many places in the China have lotteries in which a person may win a million dollars or more. What would be the advantages of winning a million dollars? Would there be disadvantages? Write a 250-words essay explaining the advantages and disadvantages. • Topic 3: Many families are having fewer children. Having even just one child can have a dramatic impact on the parents' lives. Write about this impact in about 250 words. You can discuss the negative impact, the positive impact, or both.

26. Topic 4: Everyone complains about taxes, yet think about what would happen if there were no longer an income tax. In a 250-word essay, discuss the positive effects of an income tax, the negative effects, or both. • Topic 5: Television is still a relatively new invention, yet it has had profound effects on China and on Chinese's lives. Write about 250 words discussing the effects of television. You can write about the good effects, the bad effects, or both.

27. Topic 6: Most people have dreams of one day becoming rich. But does the average person have the ability to make a lot of money? Think about this question. Then write about 250 words describing your thoughts. • Topic 7: More and more people are living by themselves today. What are the advantages of living alone? What are the disadvantages? Write an essay of about 250 words explaining the advantages and disadvantages.

28. Topic 8: Sports are very popular in today's society. Some people believe, "Winning is the only thing." Others believe, " It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game." Is there a way in sports in which both opponents could "win" a game? "Lose" a game? Detail your thoughts on this issue in an essay of about 250 words. • Topic 9: Manufacturers who advertise sometimes directly name one or two of their competitors and attack their products. What are your feelings about this advertising practice? Write an essay of about 250 words describing your ideas.

29. Topic 10: For many years the nuclear family, consisting of father, mother, and children, was considered to be the normal family pattern in China's society. Yet in many other cultures and in our own in the past, three generations--grandparents, parents, and children--often have lived together. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three generations living together? Give specific examples in a 250-word essay.

30. Topic 11: Surveys show that more people get the news by watching television than by reading the newspaper. Think about whether TV news shows are adequate as a person's only source of news. Write an essay of about 250 words that details your thoughts. • Topic 12: Some people live in one community their entire lives. Many more move at least once; some quite often. Compare and contrast moving to different parts of the country versus living in one community your entire life. Write about 250 words.

31. Topic 13: The automobile has had a profound effect on modern life. Some of these effects have been positive and others negative. Detail these effects in a 250-word essay. • Topic 14: Materialism means placing great importance on material things such as clothes, property, and furniture. Many people complain that modern society is too materialistic. Are people in these times " what they own " or " what they are " ? Explain your thoughts on the matter in an essay of about 250 words.

32. Topic 15: People spend a great deal of time, money, and energy to see or read about movie stars, TV actors, and athletes. What role do such celebrities play in society? Write an essay of about 250 words. Give specific examples.