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Solid State Detectors

Solid State Detectors. T. Bowcock. 1 Time and Position Sensors 2 Principles of Operation of Solid State Detectors 3 Techniques for High Performance Operation 4 Environmental Design 5 Measurement of time 6 New Detector Technologies. Schedule. Time and Position Sensors.

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Solid State Detectors

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  1. Solid State Detectors T. Bowcock

  2. 1 Time and Position Sensors 2 Principles of Operation of Solid State Detectors 3 Techniques for High Performance Operation 4 Environmental Design 5 Measurement of time 6 New Detector Technologies Schedule

  3. Time and Position Sensors • History and Application to Particle Physics • Aim • Background • Basic Detector Concepts

  4. Chronology of Discoveries • Electron (1897) J.J. Thompson • Cloud Chamber(1912) C.T.R.Wilson • Cosmic Rays(1913) V.F.Hess &C.Anderson • Discovery of Proton(1919) E. Rutherford • Compton Scattering (1923) C.T.R.Wilson • Waves nature of e’s(1927) C. Davisson 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  5. Beginning... Geiger&Marsden source Zinc Sulphide Screen E. Rutherford 1927, Rutherford, as President of the Royal Society, expressed a wish for a supply of "atoms and electrons which have an individual energy far transcending that of the alpha and beta particles from radioactive bodies..."

  6. Cross-Section 1 barn=10-24 cm2 approximately the area of a proton Distribution of scattering angles tell us about the force/particles Precision required

  7. Accelerator technology The first successful cyclotron, built by Lawrence and his graduate student M. Stanley Livingston, accelerated a few hydrogen-molecule ions to an energy of 80,000 electron volts. (80KeV) 1932- 1MeV

  8. 1932-1947 • Neutron(1932) J. Chadwick • Triggered Cloud Chamber(1932) P.Blackett • Muon(1937) S.H. Neddermeyer • Muon Decay(1939) B.Rossi, Williams • Kaon(1944) L. Leprince-Ringuet • Pion(1947) .H.Perkins,G.P.S.Occialini 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  9. 1947-1953 • Scintillation Counters(1947) F. Marshall • pion decay(1947) C. Lattes • Unstable V’s(1947) G.D.Rochester • SemiConductor Detectors(1949) K.G.McKay • SparkChambers(1949) J.W.Keuffel • K Meson(1951) R. Armenteros 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  10. 1953-1968 • Neutrino (1953) F. Reines • Bubble Chamber(1953) D.A. Glaser • K+ Lifetime(1955) L.W.Alvarez • Flash Tubes(1955) M. Conversi • Spark Chamber(1959) S. Fukui • Streamer Chambers(1964) B.A.Dolgoshein • MWPC(1968) G. Charpak 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  11. CERN LEP-1984-1999 SC 1957-1990 Synchrotron Radiation

  12. 1968-1999 • J/ (charm) (1974) J.J, Aubert, J.E. Augustin • t lepton(1975) M.Perl et al • B-mesons(1981) CLEO • W,Z(1983) UA1 • number of n (1991) L3 • t-quark(1994) CDF First major discovery with Solid State Detectors 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  13. Cloud Chambers Emulsion Solid State Spark Chambers MWPC Bubble Chambers Drift Chambers Detector Technology 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

  14. Cloud Chamber • Supersaturated Gas • Cloud formation • Used until 1950’s • Build your own… • Properties

  15. + - - + - + + + - - - + - + - + - + + - - + + - - - + Ionisation • Charged particles • interaction with material “track of ionisation”

  16. Cloud Chamber

  17. Emulsion • Dates back to Bequerel (1896) • Three components • silver halide (600mm thick) • plate • target • Grain diameter 0.2mm • Still the highest resolution device

  18. Emulsion m First s event Scale 100mm

  19. Emulsion • Still used • developed • scanned • computers help • very accurate • very slow • Needs to be combined with active spectrometer

  20. Bubble Chamber • Superheated Liquid e.g. H2 • -253C • 1954 d=3.4cm • 1957 d=180cm • Bubbles form around ions • 10mm in O(ms) sketch dated January 25th, 1954

  21. Bubble Chamber • Gargamelle • late 1960’s • Volume=12m3 • magnet field • measure p • 4p acceptance!

  22. Bubble Chamber • First Neutral Current Event (Z0) seen in Gargamelle • Bubble density measures velocity • b <0.8 • Use limited... Physics Letters, 46B, 138 (1973) • Cannot use in a storage ring • slow cycle time and difficult to trigger

  23. Ionisation Density of electrons • Important for all charged particles • Bethe-Bloch Equation velocity Problem: Program this yourselves! Mean ionisation potential (10ZeV)

  24. Ionisation • Most of our discussion on minimum ionising paritcles (MIPS) • Note essentially the same process in gas, liquid or solid • Using ions to “nucleate” physics/chemical changes • need to observe these changes • however...

  25. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ionisation • In low fields the ions eventually recombine with the electrons • However under higher fields it is possible to separate the charges Note: e-’s and ions generally move at a different rate + + E + + + + + +

  26. Spark Chambers • Gas • see into it • Particle tracking • Cheap • Fast(Pestov) • Large Signal

  27. Spark Chamber HT

  28. Spark Chamber • Highly efficient 95% • High electron multiplication • low electron affinity (Noble gases) • high field • Problems • 30 ns pulses(high voltage spikes) • resolution 300 mm • long memory while ions clear (ms)

  29. Streamer Chamber • “Electrical Bubble Chamber” • Plasma forms along path of particle • streamers move at high velocity • sort pulse leaves visible streamer suspended • 40-300 mm resolution • triggerable

  30. Streamer Chamber • 1991 • ions

  31. Proportional Tubes • Cylindrical tube and wire • Near the anode wire large field • Run below Geiger Threshold • signal proportional to initial ionisation ra + ri -

  32. Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) • Charpak discovered if you put many wires together act as separate detectors .. anodes Cathode plane

  33. Signal Generation • Note • Change in energy is source of signal • Most electrons produced close to anode • form of voltage means electrons do not drop much voltage compared with ions that see almost all!

  34. Ramo’s Theorem(1939) • quasistatic calculation k Vk V1 q 1 Problem for Students: prove Ramo’s Theorem<1 page

  35. Gas Detectors…. • Many different kinds of gas detectors • in use • large volume • cheap • high resolution (down to diffusion levels) • lots of experimental results • Why do we want Solid State Detectors?

  36. Detectors • Many mature technologies • emulsions • bubble chambers • gas chambers • Where next? • High resolution • reliable • 50 years later Si! Question: what are the advantages and disadvantages of each technology?

  37. Summary Lecture 1 • Many types of detectors • Use of ionisation from charged particles • nucleation • separation of charge • Signal Generation • ideas we will use next lecture

  38. High Spatial ResolutionDetectors • Solid State Detectors • principles of operation • strip detectors • drift detectors • pixel detectors • CCD’s • advantages and shortcomings • methods of fabrication

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