sponge activity

4. Europe Eyes the Americas Christopher Columbus lived during a time when Spain was at war and many people were in poverty. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand paid for Columbus to go on an expedition to find a new passage to China.

6. �In 1492, COLUMBUS Sailed the Ocean Blue� Columbus believed that the earth was round. He thought he could sail to Asia (referred to as the Indies) faster and easier by traveling westward rather than eastward. He could then establish profitable routes to Asia. (He could trade along the way.) Queen Isabella thought this would be a great idea because it would establish trade with Asia ($) and would help spread the Catholic faith.

8. �Columbus preferred dead reckoning over Celestial navigation, and he was never comfortable with the astrolabe and other devices for measuring the heavenly bodies. Above all, he was masterful in reading the signs of nature, such as the behavior of birds, the smell of the air, the color of the sky, the condition of the seas, the pressure he felt in his joints, floating debris, and more. Successful navigators were those who Survived by �reading� nature. Columbus was quite successful at this and even predicted hurricanes accurately.� (http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/columbus.html)

10. On his voyages, Columbus established the first permanent colony on Hispaniola (named Santo Domingo). Columbus did not find gold or the new passage to China, but his voyages did inspire others to seek their fortunes in America.

12. Major Events from Columbus�s 4 Voyages Columbus lands on San Salvador and encounters the Taino people. He visits Cuba and Hispanola and then returns to Spain. He established the 1st colony � Santo Domingo. He explored parts of Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, South America and Central America.

13. Columbus�s Impact Columbus is credited with discovering the Americas Called the people he saw the �Indios� Established the first permanent colony in the Americas on Hispanola and called it �Santo Domingo� More explorations and colonies followed as a result- �age of Exploration�.

14. MAIN IDEA

15. OBJECTIVES

16. Following Columbus�s lead, Spain established colonies in the Caribbean and Mexico. Reports of riches drew the explorers north to Texas where they established a successful mission.

17. Columbus�not such a nice guy Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand got word that Columbus and others had enslaved, tortured, and killed thousands of native Taino people in the Caribbean. This angered the monarchs and made them withdraw their support for further explorations by Columbus.

18. Did Columbus really discover America? According to the Europeans, the answer is YES.

19. From 1492-1519, Spain focused on establishing colonies in what they thought was the Indies (modern day West Indies). Spanish explorers heard there were great civilizations in the interior, which included great wealth. Explorers looking for wealth were known as conquistadors.

20. Important Spanish Explorers: Hernando Cortes Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda Panfilo de Narvaez Cabeza de Vaca Estavanico (Esteban) Fray Marcos Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Hernando de Soto Luis De Moscoso

21. Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico in 1519 made a deal with Governor Velasquez and went back on his word to make a relationship with the Aztecs

25. Cortes conquered the Aztecs and Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) easily because he had cannons, guns, disease, and Indian allies He then imprisoned Montezuma (Moctezuma)

26. Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda and Hernando Cortes Pineda�s mission was to map the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico and establish a Spanish colony. He was the first European to explore and map the Texas coastline.

29. The Narvaez Expedition In 1526, Panfilo de Narvaez was granted the land of Florida by the king of Spain. His expedition traveled up the western coast of Florida in 1528, but he became lost. He then built 5 boats to sail to Mexico. A hurricane drowned many of the men at sea, including Narvaez. However, two boats survived but were wrecked.

30. Six years later, only 4 members of the original Narvaez expedition were still alive.Six years later, only 4 members of the original Narvaez expedition were still alive.

31. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca The survivors (including Estavanico) from the 1528 hurricane beached at Galveston Bay and were captured by the Karankawas. At first, they were little more than slaves, but Cabeza de Vaca saved a Karankawa Indian by pulling an arrow out of his skin. The Karankawa treated Cabeza de Vaca and the others as shaman (healers) and gave them more freedom. This allowed them to escape seven years later when they happened upon other Spaniards. They had learned how to use herbs for healing (from the Krankawas).They had learned how to use herbs for healing (from the Krankawas).

32. As a result of the capture, Cabeza de Vaca and his men became the first Europeans to see the interior of Texas. Cabeza de Vaca wrote a formal report of the things he had seen, such as fertile soil and humped-backed cows. He also told of the legends of the 7 cities of Cibola that he had heard from the Native Americans. These tales excited the Spanish officials.

33. Cabeza de Vaca He also wrote about his life with the Native Americans in a work of literature called La relacion. This was the first written work of Texas literature.

34. Estavanico (Esteban) Estavanico was a Morrocan slave who was possibly the first black person to explore TX. He was helpful to the explorers because he learned languages quickly.

35. The Search for the 7 Cities of Gold Fray Marcos led an expedition to the north to find the 7 cities of Cibola. Estevanico was ordered to be the guide. Estevanico and a few others marched ahead and reported back to that they had found one of the cities of Cibola. As the rest of the group caught up, they heard that Estevanico had been killed by the Zuni Indians who lived in the city called Cibola. In spite of the tragedy, Fray Marcos pressed on.

36. The Search Continues When they arrived at the golden city, they saw the buildings shimmering in the sun. In reality, the buildings were made of adobe which sparkled as the sun shone upon it. Not realizing the city was adobe and not gold, Fray Marcos returned to Mexico with news of golden cities. Excitement abounded and a larger expedition was formed.

37. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Coronado was commissioned to find these legendary Seven Cities of Cibola.

38. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado Coronado was the leader of the 2nd and the largest expedition for 7 cities of Cibola. Fray Marcos went along as the guide. When they arrived at the Zuni village, a short skirmish ensued. Coronado felt ashamed �not like a conqueror� when he killed the Zuni Indians and realized there was no gold.

39. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado He refused to give up his quest for gold. He met a native named El Turco (the Turk) who told stories of a place farther east called Quivira. It supposedly had fabulous riches. Coronado searched for Quivira and never found it. He had El Turco killed when he found out that the Turk lied to him.

40. Coronado�s Report Coronado�s report to the Spanish officials stated that the land was harsh, but that it was similar to parts of Spain. He was impressed by the possible wealth in the huge herds of buffalo. He stated that no riches could be found, so the land was of little use to the Spaniards. He also told about how the Native Americans had lied about the golden cities to get the Spaniards off of their land and leave them in peace.

41. While Coronado searched for Cibola and Quivira, Spain sent another expedition in search of gold. Hernando de Soto�s expedition also did not find any gold, but they explored East Texas. They were the first exploration into the interior of North America.

43. Luis de Moscoso de Alvarado Moscoso reported to the Spanish officials that the northern part of New Spain had no gold, but that he had found one resource � a thick kind of oil seeping from the ground. This later became known as �black gold.�

44. Mnemonic Device for DeSoto and Moscoso Moscoso and DeSoto Took A Group Around Carolinas, MS, TN, AR, GA, and AL

45. Spain�s Interest in Texas Wanes It was almost 60 years before another Spanish expedition was sent into Texas. This expedition was the sent because an English explorer named Sir Francis Drake came to explore America. In 1601, the Spanish sent Juan de Onate to establish the colony of Santa Fe in modern day New Mexico (Texas back then). Like the others, he found no riches and had problems with the Native Americans. For around 75 years, few other Spanish explorers entered the land of Texas.

46. Results of the Expeditions Spain had a strong claim to TX land as a result of the expeditions. Knowledge of the land � saw and mapped much of TX Spain still decided not to settle. no gold, etc. Indian problems / raids too far from other Spanish settlements (in current day Mexico) land was too dry and rugged there were no large cities to conquer Texas was used as a barrier between New Spain and violent Indians and other advancing countries.

47. Spain Establishes Missions To compete with other nations and to make a name for themselves, they established several missions in the Americas. A mission is a settlement founded to spread Christianity to the people of the area.

48. The first mission in Texas was near El Paso (Corpus Christi de la Ysleta). The purpose of this mission was to spread Christianity to Native Americans in the area. The mission was a success and more were to come. Spain Establishes Missions

50. MAIN IDEA

51. OBJECTIVES

52. The French wanted to compete with Spain�s quest for riches. French Ambitions

53. The French Explore Texas The international competition for land in the New World was intense. In 1682, La Salle mapped the Mississippi River and claimed it, all of the lands it watered, and its branches for France. He called it La Louisiane (Louisiana).

54. King Louis XIV funded LaSalle�s next adventure because he was impressed with LaSalle�s ability to map the river. This adventure was to establish a colony near the Mississippi River. LaSalle convinced the monarch that the French missionaries could teach the Catholic religion to the natives. He also stated that crops would grow well in the region�s rich soil. Most importantly, a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River could control trade in the Gulf and the interior of North America.

55. So, off he went. With 4 ships, 300 colonists, 100 soldiers, and supplies.

56. The problem was� One ship was captured by buccaneers (pirates). One ship rebelled and returned to France with supplies. One ship sank.

57. Also� The maps that LaSalle used were correct concerning latitude, but entirely wrong concerning longitude. The longitude was off by 7o. They missed the mouth of the Mississippi River by 400 miles and ended up at the Matagorda Bay in Texas.

58. Fort St. Louis La Salle established the first French colony in Texas near present-day Garcitas Creek in Victoria County. The colony had trouble from the beginning because they lost valuable supplies at sea. They were helped for a while by the Indians, but fighting soon broke out.

59. Why did the Natives turn against LaSalle and his men? The Native Americans found the supplies that washed up on shore after La Belle sank. The French took the supplies back without asking for them or explaining what happened.

60. Fort St. Louis La Salle tried to find a way back to the Mississippi River, but was unsuccessful. While he was gone, many of his men died from diseases and Indian attacks. The crops also began to fail and there was little food. In 1687, La Salle and 17 of his men went looking, once again, for the Mississippi River.

61. While they were trying to find the river, the men plotted against LaSalle (because they thought he was a poor leader) and killed him. Some of these men, including Joutel who took over, made it back to Canada. The remaining colonists at Ft. St. Louis were killed by smallpox and the Karanakawa Indians. However, six colonists were able to escape. Two of these men were later rescued by Spanish explorers.

62. Results of LaSalle�s Adventure It gave France a weak claim to Texas. It presented a challenge to Spain�s empire north of the Rio Grande. The Spanish realized that if they did not build settlements in Texas, the French might gain control of the region and they would not become the world�s greatest nation.

63. Consequences for the Native Americans Native Americans lived in Texas long before the Europeans explored there. The arrival of the Spanish and French explorers to Texas brought Native Americans severe consequences. Diseases such as smallpox killed thousands of Native Americans.

64. MAIN IDEA

65. TIMELINE 1492�1700

68. TEKS and TAKS SS 7.1 B,C SS 7.2 B SS 7.20 A SS 7.21 A,B,C,D,E,H SS 7.22 B,D SS 7.19 C SS 7.9 C TA 4A MA 7.9, 7.13 SS Grade 8: 5:8.30 B,C,D 2:8.11 A 3:8.24 D 5:8.30 A,B,C,D