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Ancient Egypt

SPRITE. Ancient Egypt. How did the challenging environment of Egypt shape their culture? What role did the Nile River play in forming a prosperous Egyptian society? What are the major similarities and differences between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia?. Questions:. Geography.

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. SPRITE Ancient Egypt

  2. How did the challenging environment of Egypt shape their culture? What role did the Nile River play in forming a prosperous Egyptian society? What are the major similarities and differences between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? Questions:

  3. Geography • Nile River flooded two times annually • Predictable, cyclical • “Gift of the Nile” • Upper and Lower Egypt (delta) • Depended on irrigation- lack of rainfall • Climate good for agriculture • Abundance of resources • self-sufficiency • Basalt, granite, copper, gold, reeds, clay, wild animals, fish, • Isolation due to desert • Natural barriers: Mediterranean Sea, Sahara desert, Cataracts, Red Sea • Unique culture • Less vulnerable to attacks

  4. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus

  5. I. The Nile

  6. I. The Nile

  7. Heterogeneous population-dark and light skinned • Hierarchy • King and high ranking officials • Lower level officials, local leaders and priests, artisans, professionals, well-off farmers • Peasants • Slaves • Peasants lived in villages, cultivated soil, and responsible for paying taxes and providing labor, sometimes forced • Slaves existed on a limited scale; treatment generally humane • Social mobility existed • Women • subordinate to men and engaged in domestic activities • Right to own property, inherit, retained rights over dowry after divorce • More rights than Mesopotamian women higher class women could rule • More rural than Mesopotamia • Hyksos- “rulers of the uplands,” Semitic, brought bronze weapons, worshipped Egyptian gods and modeled their monarchy after pharaonic system SOCIAL

  8. Political organization evolved from pattern of small states ruled by local kings to large, unified Egyptian state • Pharaoh was ultimate leader, consider as a living god = Theocracy • Organized into 30 dynasties falling within three periods divided by periods of chaos and political fragmentation • Old Kingdom- Menes connects Upper and Lower Egypt 3100B CE, prosperity, evolution of religious beliefs, pyramids (required political organization and lots of labor) • Middle Kingdom- recovery and political stability • New Kingdom- (1570-1075 BCE) “expansion and conquering, wealth” • push out Hyksos, subdued Nubia, and conquered Palestine and and parts of Syria • Creation of Egyptian Empire • Akhenaten- birth of monotheism • Governed by central administration in capital city=bureaucracy • Kept track of land, taxed, collected resources • Regarded foreigners as the enemy • More interested in acquiring resources than territory POLITCAL

  9. King Tut Giza

  10. Beliefs based on cyclical view of nature • Predictable flooding • Polytheistic • Amon the sky-god, and Ra the sun-god • Embraced their gods and the afterlife • Spent large amount of energy and wealth building tombs/pyramids; contained food, even bathrooms • Size of tomb=social status • Mummified and prepared for afterlife, climate was dry and prevented quick decay • All organs except for the heart is removed, weighed by Osiris • Book of the Dead soul and body became part of the divine • Pharaoh was God on Earth and political leader- controlled wealth and resources • Akhenaten monotheism RELIGION

  11. akhenaten

  12. Mathematics Astronomy Mummification and anatomy Calendar making Irrigation Architecture—pyramids, great sphinx Writing hieroglyphics Transportation canals Intellectual/Technology

  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6

  14. II. Mummies • Not known when it started in Egypt • Perfected by time of New Kingdom • How to make a mummy: 70 steps • 1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards .

  15. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated

  16. Mummy Inner coffin

  17. Second inner coffin Second inner coffin lid

  18. Funerary Gifts Gift bearers Shawabti box Model boat

  19. Mummifcation Process

  20. Hieroglyphics • Use in temples • Rosetta Stone • Napoleon and Egyptology.

  21. Self-sufficient • Traded with directly with Levant and Nubia • Exported papyrus, grain, and gold and imported incense, Nubian gold, Lebanese cedar, and tropical African ivory, ebony, and animals • Pharaoh controlled wealth, bureaucracy administered land Economics

  22. Hieroglyphic writing activity

  23. How did the challenging environment of Egypt shape their culture? What role did the Nile River play in forming a prosperous Egyptian society? What are the major similarities and differences between Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? Review

  24. Make a chart presenting the similarities and differences between Mesopotamia and Egypt • You can: • Make a same/different chart • Venn diagram • SPRITE chart comparing both and coded with S and D • Other ideas??? • Make sure you know how the geogrpahy affected both these places?? Mesopotamia vs. Egypt Homework

  25. Create a Compare/Contrast Chart on Mesopotamia and Egypt using GSPRITE Quiz tomorrow homework

  26. Take out mummification reading DO NOT TALK! Warm up

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