Central and Southern Africa

1. Central and Southern Africa Chapter 6

2. Chapter 6, Lesson 1 The Growth of Coastal Trading Cities

3. L1 HW Review Questions Identify & Example: (2 sentences) 1) ethnic 2) manufacture 3) network 4) monsoon 5) prosper Main Idea: (3-5 sentences) • Describe the geography of Central & Southern Africa. • What goods/resources were traded between Africa and Asia/Arabia? • Why was Kilwa such an important city-state? Summarize: (6 sentences) • The Bantu Migrations. Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences) • Besides trading goods, how else did the trans-Indian Ocean trade affect East African coastal cities? • Why do you think East Africa never unified into an Empire?

4. Words to Know

5. A Diverse Geography • Central Africa = huge tropical rain forests • Thousands of species of colorful birds • Southern Africa = IMMENSE grasslands • Elephants, giraffes, lions, zebras Human geography: • Diverse = 100s of differentethnic groups • Separate languages, customs, religions • Common ancestor = Bantu peoples • 1st Bantu  modern-day border: Nigeria & Cameroon • Bantu migration: 1000 BC; moved South & East; 500 AD reach tip of S.A. • EFFECTS: cultural blending • adapt to new environment • exchanged ideas • intermarried

6. Coastal City-States Emerge • 1100 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to Eastern coast • Established 1) farming villages & 2) lively trading outposts • East African merchants traded with Arabia, Persia, India • African raw materials Asia • Ex: gold, iron, ivory, slaves, timber (wood) • Asian manufactured  Africa • Ex: porcelain, spices, beads, textiles (carpets) • 1200s: E. Africa = network of trading towns & city-states Kilwa: coastal city-state = city + surrounding land (independent political unit) • Founded by: Arabian & Persian settlers (late 1000s) • Prospered because: as far south as a ship from India could sail in one monsoon season = Southern merchants send goods to Kilwa

7. The Influence of Islam • Trade across Indian Ocean increases = Arab traders settling in East African port towns • EFFECT: coastal Africans borrow aspects of Arab culture • New language = Swahili: Bantu language + Arabic words • Islam • most Africans kept their traditional religious beliefs but many also converted middle-class, involved in trans-Indian Ocean trade • Government • Gov. officials & merchants = Muslim • Introduce ideas about govn’t & law Lack of Unity= easier for Europeans to invade & conquer in 1600s Why? competing for trade

8. Chapter 6, Lesson 2 Empires Built on Gold & Trade

9. L1 HW Review Questions Identify & Example: (2 sentences) 1) encircle 2) eagle-eye 3) abandon 4) exodus 5) pillage Main Idea: (3-5 sentences) • Where did the Shona settle? Why? Summarize: (6 sentences) • Great Zimbabwe & Enclosure (10 sentences) • The Mutapa Empire. Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences) • Great Zimbabwe did not mine or produce gold. How was it control such a vast empire?

10. Words to Know

11. Rise of the Shona Civilization • 800s: Bantu-speaking Shona settle valley of Limpopo River (Southern Africa) • 1000s: move into rich farmland: between Zambezi & Limpopo • Zimbabwe: settlements encircled by large stone walls • “house of stone” • Shona = #s of zimbabwes • Present-day: Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe

12. Great Zimbabwe • Largest settlement: Great Zimbabwe • Center of Shona empire • City + surrounding area = 100 acres/ 10-20,000 people • Region = huge plains = farming & herding (cattle) • Near trade routes

13. The Great Enclosure • 3 sections • the Valley Ruins (newest; small structures & mounds) • the Hill Complex (like: Acropolis) • Sits on high hill; center of religious activities; oldest part • the Great Enclosure: largest & most significant • Home for kings and queens • Looks like necklace (eagle-eye view) • outer granite wall: 820 feet around / 36 feet high • Cut so perfectly; nothing needed to hold them in place • Conical tower (mysterious???) • Giant grain bin = good harvests ??? • Religious purpose ???

14. Gold & Trade • Gold = international prized good • Traded between Africa  China & India • Great Zimbabwe DID NOT produce or mine gold • Located between: • West: gold producing • East: coastal trading cities • RESULT: 1) tax trade 2) force tributes (from lesser leaders) • during peak: 2,000 pounds of precious metal PER YEAR DECLINE: theories • Drought & overuse of land by cattle = shortage of resources (exodus) • Shifting trading networks = abandonment Either way: no more Zimbabwe by 1500

15. The Mutapa Empire • Shona oral tradition: • Mutota left Great Zimbabwe 1440; traveled north • Searching for salt = important for African diet • Found valley: fertile soil, good rainfall, ample wood • Conquered surrounding land • Mutapa: “Great Pillager” • Mutapa’s son extends empire North to Zambezi River; east to Indian Ocean • Wealth = controlling gold trade

16. Chapter 2, Lesson 3 The Kongo Kingdom

17. L1 HW Review Questions Identify & Example: (2 sentences) 1) appoint 2) manufacture 3) missionary 4) convert 5) immunity 6) seize 7) plantation 8) corrupt 9) Main Idea: (3-5 sentences) • Why did the Kongo people settle near the Congo River? • How did the Kongo Kingdom organize it’s empire? • Why did Portugal meet Kongo? • How did Alfonso I change Kongo’s society? Summarize: (6 sentences) • The “good” relationship between Portugal and Kongo? • The “bad” relationship between Portugal and Kongo? Critical Thinking: (5-7 sentences) • No thinking required!!!!!

18. Words to Know

19. A Kingdom Arises on the Atlantic • 1300s: Bantu-people “Kongo” settle western coast of Africa • Settled north of Congo River (3,000 miles, empties into Atlantic) • Resources: • Fertile soil, iron & copper ore, good fishing & Congo R. transportation • 1400s: move south, conquer other people • Capital: Mbanza • Highly organized kingdom • Village = basic political unit • Group of villages = district • Districts grouped into six provinces • King appointed governors for provinces • King: in charge of economy (provinces pay taxes every 6 months) • Payments = cowrie shells (colorful seashell used for money)

20. Kongo & Portugal Age of Exploration Cultural Interaction • 1400s = “Age of Exploration”: time when European kingdoms sailed oceans to explore new lands • Portugal: small country, west of Spain; on Atlantic Ocean • 1480s: Portugal sails down western coast of Africa; meets Kongo kingdom • At first: GOOD!!! • Active trade • Kongo  Portugal • Copper, iron, Ivory • Portugal  Kongo • Guns, horses, manufactured goods • Christian Religion • Portugal sends missionaries: people who travel to other lands seeking to gain followers to their religion (i.e., converts)

21. The Rule of Afonso • 1506: Nzinga Mbemba takes throne (European name: Alfonso I) • Copied Portuguese: • Official religion: Roman Catholicism • Capital city: Mbanza  Sao Salvador • Politics: appointed dukes & counts; required to wear western clothing • Education: Alfonso learned to read & write Portuguese; sent subjects to Portugal to learn to read &write

22. Portuguese Problems Disease Slavery • Immunity: protection from disease • When cultures meet = new diseases; no immunity • Alfonso requests new doctors: • For the “many and different diseases which put us very often in such a weakness.” • 1470s: Portuguese claim island Sao Tome off west coast of Africa • Establish: sugar fields (plantations: large farm to grow one crop = hard labor) • Portugal pressures Kongo for more & more slaves = depopulation • Alfonso asks Portugal to stop: • “Merchants daily seize our subjects… so great… is their corruption… that our country is being utterly depopulated.” • 1543: Alfonso dies • 1,000s of Africans enslaved every year • 1561: Kongo “cuts itself off” from Portugal

23. The Kingdom Struggles • After Alfonso: period of instability • Late 1560s: war with neighboring kingdom the Jaga • Kongo ask Portugal for help • 1600s: Kongo regains stability