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INTRODUCTION BY S.N. NANAWARE

INTRODUCTION BY S.N. NANAWARE. Visit for more Learning Resources. SURVEYING Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them. It is reletated only in horizontal plane.

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INTRODUCTION BY S.N. NANAWARE

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  1. INTRODUCTION BY S.N. NANAWARE Visit for more Learning Resources

  2. SURVEYING Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them. It is reletated only in horizontal plane. • LEVELLING Levelling is art of determining the relative vertical distances of different points on the surface of the earth. It is reletated only in vertical plane.

  3. Object of surveying • The main object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show the relative positions of the objects on the surface of the earth. • To determining the boundaries of land. • It is very useful for the purpose of designing projects, such as dams,canals,roads,railways etc. • The successful completion of any engineering project mainly depends upon the accurate surveying.

  4. Uses of surveying • It is useful for measurement of areas. • To prepare different types of maps such as topographical map, cadastral map, engineering map, military map, contour map, geological map etc. • It is very useful for the purpose of designing projects, such as dams,canals,roads,railways etc. • It is used for making of plans in connection with legal documents. • In case of dispute of property, certain plans may be used as a legal documents.

  5. Principles of surveying • To work from the whole to the part. • To locate a new station by at least two measurement ( linear or angular ) from fixed reference points.

  6. 1. To work from the whole to the part. According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by main stations (controlling stations) and main survey lines (controlling lines). The area is then divided into a number of parts by forming well-conditioned triangles. The main survey lines are measured very accurately with a standard chain and then the sides of triangles are measured.

  7. To work from the whole to the part. The purpose of this process of working is to prevent accumulation of error. During this procedure, if there is any error in the measurement of any side of a triangle, then it will not affect the whole work. The error can always be detected and eliminated. But, if the reverse process (from the part to the whole) is followed, then the minor error in measurement will be magnified in the process of expansion and these errors will become absolutely uncontrollable.

  8. 2. To locate a new station by at least two measurement ( linear or angular ) from fixed reference points. According to the second principle, the new stations should always be fixed by at least two measurement from fixed reference points. Linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite.

  9. Classification of surveying A) Primary classification 1. Plane surveying, 2. Geodetic surveying. B) Secondary classification 1. Based on instruments a) Chain surveying, b) Compass surveying, c) Plane table surveying, d) Theodolite surveying, e) Tacheometric surveying, f) Photographic surveying 2. Based on methods a) Triangulation surveying, b) Traverse surveying 3. Based on object a) Geological surveying, b) Mine surveying, c) Archaeological surveying, d) Military surveying

  10. Classification of surveying 4) Based on nature of field a) Land surveying, b) Marine surveying, c) Astronomical surveying, Land surveying divided into following classes i) Topographical surveying :- to determine the natural and artificial features of country such as rivers, lakes, hills, roads, railways, towns etc. ii) Cadastral surveying :- to determine the boundaries of fields, estates, houses, etc iii) City surveying :- to locate the premises, streets, water supply and sanitary system etc. iv) Engineering surveying :- to collect data for designing of engineering works such as roads, reservoirs, railways etc.

  11. Difference between Plane surveying & Geodetic surveying

  12. REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (R.F.) It is the ratio of plan distance to corresponding ground distance. In R.F. both the numerator and denominator should be in the same units. If 10m on the ground represents 1cm on the drawing paper, the scale is 1cm = 10m. So R.F. = 1cm / 10 x 100cm = 1/ 1000.

  13. CONVENTIONAL SYMBOL For more detail contact us

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