Changes in Europe

Changes in Europe The End of the Middle Ages

Church Reform • The Church in medieval Europe had incredible power in peoples life • But corruption had lead some people away and prompted a major change in Europe • Started in Cluny France • Wanted to return to the basic beliefs and practices of the Christian Religion • Soon the Pope began to change the Church in Europe • Thus Began the “Age of Faith” • Restored and expanded its power and authority of the church

Problems in the Church • Lack of Education in leadership • Some couldn’t read their prayers • Questionable Morals • Power and authority became more important than spirituality • Rule Breaking • Priests being Married • Simony • Selling positions in the Church • Lay investiture • Kings choosing bishops

Reform & Organization • Pope Leo IX and Gregory VII put emphasis on the laws of the church (cannon Law) • Stopping simony and marriage of popes • Popes who followed them reorganized the church and continued policy reform • Turned the organization of the church more into that of a kingdom with the pope as the king. • Advisers of the pope were the papal Curia • Also acted as a judicial branch • Pope also had advisors that traveled through the land to spread authority through Europe • Also had taxes (tithes) • Social services, buildings etc.

The New religious Orders • 1200s a new organization spread the church • Friars • Wandering preachers • Took vow of chastity poverty and obedience • Did not live separate of the world as monks • Preached to the poor • Lived by begging

The Cities of God • Cathedrals • In small towns churches were smaller and simple, as towns grew to large cities so did the churches • Decorated with all the richness that could be afforded by the city • Earliest cathedrals were Romanesque • Thick walls and pillars and dark with small windows and little light

Gothic Cathedrals • As they grew larger they developed into new design styles • Gothic • Comes from the Germanic Goths • Unlike the heavy Romanesque churches cathedrals shot upwards as if reaching for the sky • Had large stained glass windows that let in lots of light • Sculptures and wood carvings adorned the building • Meant to inspire the worshiper • Famous Cathedrals include Notre Dame, Chartres, Amiens

The Crusades • The Age of Faith also inspired wars for faith • In 1093 the capital of the Byzantine Empire was under attack from the Muslim Turks who were threatening Constantinople • Pope Urban II also heard the plea and called for a “Holy War” (Crusade) to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims • Many Crusades for the Holy Land would be Launched over the next 300 years • Goals • Regain Palestine (the Holy Land) • Kings wanted to send off Knights that were threatening the Kingdom • Opportunity to increase land • Possibly get land if didn’t have any. • Make Money! • Merchants leased their ships for the journey • And opened up trade

First Crusades • When Urban called for the Crusades he got a HUGE response • Those who died on the Crusade were assured a place in heaven • “God Wills it!” • The Religion pushed people to support the cause • Three Armies from around Europe gathered outside Constantinople • Majority Franks, but Germans, English, Scots, and more were ready to fight • Problems: • Couldn’t choose a leader • Didn’t know the land • No plan

First Crusade • The Battle • 12000 soldiers marched to Jerusalem • Only ¼ the original army • Took a month of attacks on Jerusalem • On July 15th 1099 they succeeded and captured Jerusalem • Won a narrow strip of land they divided up between 4 nobles • Became the Crusaders’ States

Second Crusade • The Turkish Muslims fought back in 1144 • Captured the city of Edessa • A 2nd crusade was organized to get it back • Crusaders got their butts kicked • Also re- lost Jerusalem to the Turks in the defeat • Shocked the Europeans that a Kurdish Warrior had taken the city • Saladin would rule Jerusalem through the 3rd Crusade.

The Third Crusade • The three most powerful monarchs lead the 3rd crusade • Phillip II of France (Augustus) • Frederick I of Germany (Barbarossa) • Richard the Lion-Hearted of England • Didn’t go well at the beginning • Phillip went home after arguing with Richard • Barbarossa drown • Richard lead the attack on his own • Brilliant leaders • Saladin and Richard fought equally for many battles • Agreed to a truce in 1192 • Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but unarmed Christians could visit without fear.

Other Crusades • Fourth • Failed when they didn’t make it to Jerusalem but instead looted Constantinople. And then went to Egypt for gold. • Children's Crusade • Took place in 1212 • Thousands of children sought to conquer Jerusalem • 12 year old lead the charge • No weapons, 30,000 children marched • Many died of starvation and cold • The rest drowned or were sold into slavery

The Spanish Crusades • In Spain, controlled mostly by Muslims (the Moors) • The Spanish Christians wanted to push them out in the Reconquista • Successfully pushed the Moors out of Spain and the monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took control in 1492. • To Unify the country to Christianity the made use of the Inquisition • A court of the church to suppress heresy • When religious beliefs differed from the Church • Forced many to convert to Christianity so to not be tortured • Any suspected of Hersey could be sent to the Inquisition • Questioned for weeks • Tortured • If they confessed they were burned • In 1492 the Monarchs expelled all non Christians from Spain.

Effects of the Crusades • Demonstrated the power and authority of the church in Europe • Gave women a chance to manage the home while husbands were away on crusades • Increased trade with the middle east and Asia • Impacting the age of exploration • Leading to Columbus and the new world. • Failure of Crusades lead to a decrease in power for pope • Kings grew in power • Constantinople falls to Turks, becomes Istanbul • Lead to a change in society in Europe

Changes in Medieval Society Section 2

European Farms • The transition from the medieval Europe to a more modern civilization happens because of the crusades and trade and some changes in lifestyle • Farming • Climate change brought an increase in food production. • More area for crops • Improved technology to help farming • Switch from Oxen to Horses for plowing • A better harness was created to fit across the hoses chest which made it able to pull a plow • Could plow 3x as much as an ox in a day.

European Farms • Three Field System • Change from two fields to three • One field would rest for a year as the other 2 grew • Added to the amount they could produce • Villagers had more to eat • Children were healthier • Lead to a huge increase in Population

European Economy • Economy changes with the creation of the Guilds • Guild – Organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members • First Guilds were Merchant Guilds • Worked to control the goods being traded to keep prices high and decrease loss of product • Artisans were also forming guilds • Wheelwrights, Glassmakers, Winemakers, Tailors, and Druggists • Guilds set a standard for the Quality of work expected • Bakers were required to create standard sizes in loaves and weight • Supervised training of new workers • Guilds increased the trade and produced more high quality goods that increased the Economy. • Guilds also played a role in last names of people today. • Smith, Schmidt, Carpenter, Zimmerman, Boulanger, Becker

Three Levels of Guilds

Commercial Changes • As Agriculture improved so did Commerce • The Commercial Revolution • The Great Fairs • Most trade took place in towns and on fair days merchants from all around would come to trade • Usually around religious festivals • Like a swap meet, or farmers market • Cloth was the most commonly traded item • People sold the extra goods that were produced, we went from a subsistence to a surplus economy.

Commercial Breaks • Trade increased • The Age of Exploration boomed • Search for new goods around the world • North Africa was great for salt • Muslim ports had fabric and spices • Asia had Spices and Silk • The More people bought the more merchants found new items to sell • The Flow of money lead merchants to need access to money • Merchants came up with ways to solve this problem • Letters of Credit • Between merchants eliminated the need to carry cash • Businesses were established to provide this service to others.

Society Changes • The changes of the Agriculture and Commerce lead to major changes in the lives of people • Changed jobs and where they lived

Cities Flourish • Population boomed by the millions in a short time • Towns which were small and unsophisticated started to reshape European life • Trade became the driving force for town growth • Towns grew to cities but they were not great • Streets small, dirty and, stinky • No sewers, human waste was dumped into the streets • No one bathed • Houses lacked fresh air and light • Constantly catching fire • But people moved to towns because they had opportunity

Serfs and Merchants Change • People didn’t like the old small towns or Manors, they wanted the city life • Many Serfs, though bound to the land ran away • “the Town air makes you free” • Many were able to make better lives in the cities • The Merchant class Rises • The Feudal pyramid was upset when merchants rose in power and resented the kings power to tax • They organized and demanded privileges from the king • Freedom from tolls and taxes and the rights to govern towns,

Learning Grows • The Crusades brought about a revival in learning • Especially the study of Greek Philosophers. • Got much of the information from Muslim libraries • Had the Jewish translate the Arabic versions into Latin • Europeans could now increase in knowledge • science, philosophy, law, and math began to be studied • Also brought back technology from the Muslims

Scholars and Schools • The creation of the University • Originally the group of scholars meeting whenever they could • People, not buildings • Paris, Italy, formed these Universities • Students came to learn from the scholars, trying to get a job in government or the church • Beginning of the bachelors (5-7 years) degree or becoming a master in a subject (10-12 years) • Theology

Literature • Scholars and writers began writing in the language of their own country • Using their own Vernacular • Writers wrote masterpieces still popular today • Dante Alighieri – The Devine Comedy • A journey into Hell • Geoffrey Chaucer • The Canterbury Tales • Because people could read them over Latin books, they became instant hits

Medieval Philosophy • Greek Philosophers excited the medieval scholars • Pondered if Christian Scholars could use Aristotle thinking to approach the truth and still meet up with the Bible • Thomas Aquinas • Argued that most basic religious truths could be proved by logical arguments • Wrote the Summa Theological • Combined Greek and Christian thinking • He and his followers became the first scholars, or scholastics • Used knowledge to debate days issues • Influenced law and government and helped to shape entirely new governments and countries

Changes in Europe