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Biodiversity Classification and Taxonomy Overview

Explore the classification of organisms and evolutionary history through systematics and taxonomy with a focus on animal kingdom. Understand the importance of biological nomenclature and various classification systems in the study of life diversity.

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Biodiversity Classification and Taxonomy Overview

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  1. Classification Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987): “…it is written that animals are divided into: those that belong to the Emperor embalmed ones those that are trained suckling pigs mermaids fabulous ones stray dogs those that tremble as if they were mad those that have just broken a flower vase

  2. Systematics- studies diversity of life study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history Taxonomy- study of classification science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms into groups

  3. Linnaeus- 1700’s, Swedish physician/botanist Developed binomial naming system

  4. Example of Coral Classification The Mushroom Coral Fungia scutaria Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Order Scleractinia Family Fungiidae Genus Fungia Species scutaria

  5. Biological Nomenclature A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name. Ex. Fungia scutaria Fungia- genus name scutaria- species name

  6. Biological Species Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

  7. Offspring is sterile mule donkey horse

  8. What are some of the ways we can classify animals?

  9. Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus, cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present, Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange across skin/epithelium Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart

  10. Five kingdom system: Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Archae-bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Three domain system: Eu- bacteria Archae-bacteria E U K A R Y A Eight kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Archae-bacteria Plantae Fungi Animalia Archezoa Protista Chromista Classification

  11. Six kingdom system: Monera Eu- bacteria Archae-bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  12. Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria (Monera) • Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms. • Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, and chemoautotrophic species. - Purple sulfur bacteria- chemoautotrophic - Blue-green algae (cyano)- photoautotrophic - E. coli- heterotrophic • Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

  13. Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotic, generally single-celled, organisms. • If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells). • A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms. • Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium, Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most seaweed groups).

  14. Kingdom Protista Diatoms • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Green algae • Brown Algae • Red algae Dinoflagellates

  15. Chlorophyta: Green Algae Halimeda opuntia Codium edule Caulerpa sertularioides Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Caulerpa racemosa

  16. Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Padina japonica Turbinaria ornata Hydroclathrus clathratus Sargassum echinocarpum Sargassum polyphyllum

  17. Rhodophyta: Red Algae Hypnea chordacea Ahnfeltia concinna Acanthophora spicifera Galaxaura fastigiata Asparagopsis taxiformis

  18. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. • Photoautotrophic nutrition. • Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues. • Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls. • Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

  19. Kingdom Plantae Sea grasses Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

  20. Mangroves

  21. Kingdom Fungi • marine fungi • Eukaryotic, generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular). • Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive) nutrition. • Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories. • Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms.

  22. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. • Heterotrophic nutrition • Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. • Cells not surrounded by cell walls. • Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

  23. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

  24. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Desmospongia Class Calcaria Purple and yellow tube sponge Boring sponge

  25. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

  26. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelmithes- flat worms

  27. Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass

  28. Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Cone shell Opihi Cowery periwinkle Triton’s trumpet

  29. Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

  30. Class Bivalvia

  31. Class Cephalopoda Day octopus

  32. Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins Slate pencil urchin Collector urchin Echinometra mathaei Echinothrix calamaris Colobocentrotus atratus

  33. Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers Polyplectana kerfersteninii Holothuria atra

  34. Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars Linckia sp. Acanthaster planci

  35. Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

  36. Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

  37. Phylum Arthropoda Yellow spotted guard crab Hawaiian cleaner shrimp Spiny lobster Anemone carrying hermit crab Banded coral shrimp

  38. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes

  39. Class Osteichthyes 680 species of fish in the islands' waters. About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .

  40. Domino damsel Trigger (Humu) White mouthed morey Porcupine Dwarf moray Achilles tang trumpetfish

  41. Class Amphibia Rana cancrivora

  42. Class Reptilia Saltwater crocodile Marine iguana Marine turtle Sea snake

  43. Class Aves

  44. Class Mammalia Whales & Dolphins Polar bear Sea otter Seals & sealions manatee Dugong

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