HISTORY

1. HISTORY

2. What is history? According to Edward Hallet Carr (1892-1982) , “It is the result of the interaction between the historian and his facts, a perpetual dialogue between the present and the past.”

3. “The historian starts with the provisional selection of facts and a provisional interpretation in the light of which that selection has been made - by others as well as by himself. As he works, both the interpretation and the selection and ordering of facts undergo subtle and perhaps partly unconscious changes through the reciprocal action of one or the other.” Vocabulary: provisional = temporary subtle = slight reciprocal = dependent; mutual

4. “And this reciprocal action also involves reciprocity between present and past, since the historian is part of the present and the facts belong to the past.” Vocabulary: reciprocity = mutual dependence

5. “ The historian and the facts of history are necessary to one another. The historian without his facts is rootless and futile; the facts without their historian are dead and meaningless.”

6. Is it possible that the same event in history be interpreted in different ways by two different historians?

7. If yes, then we can say that history is highly interpretive. Vocabulary: Interpretive = interpretative; that provides interpretation

8. And this being the case, as we read history, it is necessary that we examine the following: • the different interpretations of the author • the dates • and the circumstances surrounding the historical writings

9. What is the writing of history called? The writing of history is called HISTORIOGRAPHY. Particularly,historiography is the writing of history based on scholarly disciplines such as the analysis and evaluation of source materials. Source: encarta.msn.com 1898 political cartoon showing U.S. PresidentMcKinley with a child "savage". Here, returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff.

10. How is history written? 1. As history is a study of the past, it is the historians’ first task to look for things that survived from the past, wherever they can be found. 2. Then, they must go on to make sure that these remnants or relics are genuine artifacts, and not fake. 3. Finally, the historians must give meaning to these remnants of the past by interpreting them. They must try to show how these remnants are related to one another. By doing so, a mental picture is made of the past. Source: Jose S. Arcilla, S.J., An Introduction to Philippine History (Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998)

11. Oh, so that’s what happened !!! • Nnnn

12. What are the steps in historical research? • Defining the problem • Locating relevant sources • Summarizing information from historical sources • Evaluation of historical sources

13. What are the two types of historical sources? “Historical facts/data are obtained from both primary and secondary sources: • Primary sources, which are either written or oral, are eyewitness or contemporaneous accounts by those were participants or observers living during a particular historical era. • Secondary sources, on the other hand, such as history textbooks or popular magazine articles, are materials based on primary sources.” • Source: DignaBalangueApilado, “A Methodology of Local History,” Oral and Local History (UP Diliman/PNHS)

14. Which type of sources carry greater weight? “Primary sources carry greater weight than secondary sources when judging the veracity and accuracy of facts. The more primary sources are used in a research, the greater the means of cross-validating the data.” (Apilado) Vocabulary: veracity = truthfulness

15. Sources may come in the form of documents, numerical records, oral statements or relics.

16. In the evaluation of historical sources, the use of external and internal criticism is very helpful. • What are external and internal criticism?

17. Step No.4 Evaluation of Historical Sources 1. External Criticism – refers to the genuineness of any and all documents the researcher uses, looks into the nature and authenticity of the document • Who wrote the document? • For what purpose was the document written? For whom was it intended and why? • When was the document written? Is the date on the document accurate? Could the details described have actually happened during this time? • Where was the document written? Could the details described have occurred in this location? • Under what condition was the document written? • Do different forms or versions of the document exist?

18. Step No.4 Evaluation of Historical Sources 2. Internal Criticism – determining the accuracy of the content of the document and the truthfulness of the author, looks into what the document says a. Was the author present during the event he/she was describing? b. Was the author a participant or observer? c. Was the author competent to describe the event? d. Was the author emotionally involved in the event? e. Did the author have any vested interest in the outcome of the event?

19. LOCAL HISTORY: Characteristics of Good Historical Account • Must be original work, not a rehash or recycling of historical facts which has been written about countless times. • It deals with subject matter which is of historical value. It must show where we come from, how things changed, what particular path was taken, and for what reason and, why we are and where we are now. • It must meet basic academic standards of any written work

20. Ethical Issues in writing: • Do not plagiarize. Always acknowledge and provide citation for the source of your data. Do not pass work of another as your own, because this will eventually find out. Plagiarism is intellectual theft. 2. Do not make others do your research work or use other peoples’ data without giving credit to them. • Respect the wishes of your sources by keeping confidential any information given to you off the record. 4. Always tell your informants or sources that you are going to use the materials they gave or lent or the testimonies they have provided ; also, that you will be using these in a written account. 5. Do not conduct your research under false pretenses.

21. Making An Outline (DignaApilado) • Introduction- short essay on what your topic is about, its scope, and time frame and possibly what made you choose the topic for your research. • Chronology- this optional but useful for complex narratives and would help you reconcile conflicting dates of he events that occurred. • Text- the main part of your written account which contains the bulk of your data; this must be organized and coherent. • Analysis – an explanation of the data you have provided: this could include the analytical framework or theory that you employed. • Conclusions and recommendations - -based on the text and analysis, a summation of your findings

22. LOCAL HISTORY: Characteristics of Good Historical Account • Must be original work, not a rehash or recycling of historical facts which has been written about countless times. • It deals with subject matter which is of historical value. It must show where we come from, how things changed, what particular path was taken, and for what reason and, why we are and where we are now. • It must meet basic academic standards of any written work

23. 6. Appendix and Glossary – these are materials which could not be incorporated into the text but would add to the clarity and depth of your research. 7. Endnotes and footnotes –usually demanded in academic research but may not always be applicable 8. Bibliography- a listing of books and sources used, classified according to whether primary or secondary ,published or unpublished, oral or witten.

24. Check Lianne’sppt slides. • External criticism: authenticity and provenance • Garraghan divides criticism into six inquiries[3] • When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)? • Where was it produced (localization)? • By whom was it produced (authorship)? • From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)? • In what original form was it produced (integrity)? • What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)? • The first four are known as higher criticism; the fifth, lower criticism; and, together, external criticism. The sixth and final inquiry about a source is called internal criticism. • R. J. Shafer on external criticism: "It sometimes is said that its function is negative, merely saving us from using false evidence; whereas internal criticism has the positive function of telling us how to use authenticated evidence."[4] • [edit]Internal criticism: historical reliability • Noting that few documents are accepted as completely reliable, Louis Gottschalk sets down the general rule, "for each particular of a document the process of establishing credibility should be separately undertaken regardless of the general credibility of the author." An author's trustworthiness in the main may establish a background probability for the consideration of each statement, but each piece of evidence extracted must be weighed individually