220 likes | 365 Views
Cell Structure & Function. Organizing Principles. Supramolecular Structures : All found in prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane Selective permeability Communication with the external environment Recognition of self vs. non-self.
E N D
Cell Structure & Function Organizing Principles
Supramolecular Structures: All found in prokaryotic cells & eukaryotic cells, not membrane bound
Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane • Selective permeability • Communication with the external environment • Recognition of self vs. non-self
Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis • Formed from two sub-units (large & small) • Free in cytosol or bound to endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Wall • Found in all organisms except animals & a few protista • Made of different macromolecules in different kingdoms • Protects cell, maintains cell shape, & prevents excessive water uptake • Allows turgor pressure to develop
Double Membrane Bound Organelles • These are all prokaryotic in origin. • They have their own DNA and ribosomes • Reproduce by binary fission • Are killed by antibiotics • All easily seen in the light microscope
Mitochondria • Site of cellular respiration
Chloroplast • Site of photosynthesis
Nucleus • Holds DNA • Makes ribosomes in a specialized region called the nucleolus • Transcribes DNA • Replicates DNA
Endomembrane System • These structures work together to make, process and transport all macromolecules in a region separate from the cytosol • Only seen with TEM
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic (within the cytoplasm) • Reticulum (little net) • Makes, sequesters and folds proteins for export or transport • Packages proteins in vesicles to send to the Golgi Apparatus • Attaches carbohydrates to • proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Makes and packages polysaccharides and lipids (with enzymes) • Packages polysaccharides and lipids in vesicles • Detoxifies many poisons
Golgi Apparatus • Receives proteins from the RER and adds oligosaccharides to proteins • Tags vesicles for proper delivery and sends them out for shipment
Lysosomes • Specialized vesicles made from the golgi that break down old organelles, foreign materials, bacteria and viruses
Cytoskeleton (Broad Category) • Creates internal structure and allows for movement internally and externally
Microtubules • Big tubes • Move chromosomes & vesicles • Provide internal support
Microfilaments • Small tubes • Move vesicles • Create muscle contractions (actin & myosin)
Centrioles • Barrel shaped • Anchor spindle fibers • Made of a collection of microtubules
Basal Bodies • Barrel shaped • Anchor cilia and flagella • Made of a collection of microtubules
Cilia • Shorter versions of flagella • Move cells or beat to create currents • Made of a collection of microtubules
Flagella • Longer than cilia • Used for the movement of one cell • Made of a collection of microtubules