Ronessa Strickland-Roberts Walden University PUBH-6165-2 Rebecca Heick, Instructor November 2009

1. Volunteer and Intern Orientation to Water Quality and Related Disease Prevalence in Two Developing Countries Ronessa Strickland-Roberts Walden University PUBH-6165-2 Rebecca Heick, Instructor November 2009

2. How will this presentation apply to me? • Introduction to funding sources • Terminology • Practices and Culture • Water Sources • Diseases and Parasites • Prevalence

3. World Health Organization WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality • The framework • health-based targets • system assessment • operational monitoring • management plans • a system of independent surveillance (WHO, 2008)

4. UNICEF • The United Nations Children’s Fund • Millennium Development Goal for Water • Microbiological water safety • Information on arsenic and fluoride • Safe water supplies • Monitoring water safety (UNICEF, 2006)

5. Developing Countries??? • World Bank • Gross National Income (worldbank.org, 2009)

6. India • India’s Population • Gross national income per capita • Life Expectancy • Probability of dying under age five • Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

7. Africa • South Africa’s Population • Gross national income per capita • Life Expectancy • Probability of dying under age five • Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

8. Putting those numbers into prospective… • United States population • Gross national income per capita • Life Expectancy • Probability of dying under age five • Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (WHO, 2004)

9. Mumbai, India • Formerly known as Bombay • High literacy level • Predominate Religions • Hindu • Muslim • Monsoon Season (www.hotelsincolaba.com, 2009) (Business Line, 2006)

10. South Africa • Literacy rate: 82.4% • Predominate Religions • Christianity • Pentecostal • Many languages • Daily duties and common professions (www.cia.gov, 2009)

11. Most prevalent parasitic illnesses • Schistosomiasis “all waters in southern Africa are at risk for Schistosomiasis.” (CDC, 2008) http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/research/int_phys/vector/

12. Plasmodium • Malaria • One of the leading causes of death and disease in many developing countries • …young children and pregnant women • Climate factor (CDC, 2006) www.celtnet.org.uk/medicine/malaria.ph

13. Leptospirosis • Bacterial • Urine • Penicillin • Mumbai (CDC, 2005)

14. Cholera • Vibrio cholerae • Drinking contaminated water • Eating foods prepared with contaminated water • Undercooked foods • Raw fruits and vegetables (WHO, 2005)

15. Dengue • Hemorrhagic fever • Mosquito • Virus • Dehydration • World risk(WHO, 2008)

16. Mosquito safety • Your accommodations • Clothing • Repellants • Standing water (CDC, 2005)

17. Food and Water Safety • Water • Ice • Food • Seafood and shellfish • Milk (WHO, 2008)

18. References Centers for disease control. (2005). Leptospirosis. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/leptospirosis_g.htm on October 21, 2009. Centers for disease control. (February, 2008). Schistosomiasis fact sheet. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/Schistosomiasis_Factsheet.pdf on October 21, 2009. Centers for disease control. (2005). Travelers' Health - Yellow Book. Ch. 5. Retrieved from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx#360 on October 24, 2009. Centers for disease control. (2006). Malaria. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/distribution_pi/distribution.htm on October 21, 2009.

19. References Central intelligence agency. (October, 2009). The world fact book: South Africa. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html on October 24, 2009 UNICEF, (2006) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_water_quality.html on October 23, 2009 The World Bank, (2009). Data and Statistics. Retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html on October 23, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). India. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009 World health organization, (December, 2008). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/FaqTravelersDec2008.pdf on October 24, 2009. World Health Organization. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource]:incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.

20. References World Health Organization. (2006). South Africa. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). United States. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/ on October 20, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). Water, Ssanitation, Health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html on October 20, 2009 World Health Organization. (2006). Water Supply, sanitation and hygiene development. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/en/index.html on October 23, 2009 World Health Organization. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

21. Photographs http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/research/int_phys/vector/ (schistosomiasis) www.scooponpets.com/petpathogens.html (leptospirosis) kirstyne.wordpress.com/.../ (cholera) medicineworld.org/.../April-4-2006.html library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01095/info.html (dengue) http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/2006/07/13/stories/2006071300060100.htm (Mumbai)