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Plastic Bottles: Key Facts Annisa White, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Patrick A. Tschida

Plastic Bottles: Key Facts Annisa White, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Patrick A. Tschida Winter, 2011. Learning Objectives. Hazardous Plastics. Phthalates * Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). Toxic to children Contain lead and cadmium Used for color accents to toys

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Plastic Bottles: Key Facts Annisa White, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Patrick A. Tschida

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  1. Plastic Bottles: Key FactsAnnisa White, MPH student Walden UniversityPUBH 6165-2 Instructor: Dr. Patrick A. TschidaWinter, 2011

  2. Learning Objectives

  3. Hazardous Plastics

  4. Phthalates * Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) • Toxic to children • Contain lead and cadmium • Used for color accents to toys • Banned or limited use in the USA (Huang, Liu, Yi, Liu, & Yang, 2011; Kumar & Pastore, 2007)

  5. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) • Used world wide • Plastic bottles • Food containers (Welle, 2011)

  6. Bisphenol- (BPA) • Plastic toys • Epoxy lining • Baby bottles (Polycarbonates) & Water bottles • Eyeglass lenses • Microwavable containers • Dental sealants (Smith, 2008)

  7. BPA Free? • Baby bottles/Toddler cups • Water bottles • Food containers • Household goods

  8. BPA Free? • Estrogenic activity (EA) • Irritate estrogen • Endocrine disruptor • Same as PET, PVC, BPA products (Yang, Yaniger, Jordan, Klein, & Bittner, 2011)

  9. EA • Chemicals free of EA • Material tension • Heat • Ultraviolet • dishwashing (Yang, Yaniger, Jordan, Klein, & Bittner, 2011)

  10. Health Exposures • Passage through food/drinks • Breast feeding • Visits to the doctor/dentist (Marsh & Bugusu, 2007)

  11. Health Risks • Long term exposure to these chemicals • Phthalates and BPA, specifically • Children • Phthalates and BPA • Early puberty • Obesity • Adults • Phthalates and BPA • Reproductive system • Breast cancer (Ahearn, 2011; Kluger, 2011)

  12. Limiting exposure • Limit using microwavable containers • Use glass or #1 recycle code container • Steer clear of the #7 recycle codes • Steer clear of canned foods • Shun away from microwaving baby foods in plastic containers • Throw out scratched or old plastic containers including bottles (Chalupka, 2010)

  13. Basics & statistics • Retailers have discontinued selling BPA products • Toys R Us • Wal-mart • $1 million/day • Annual production 7 billion • 2 billion in the U.S. (Erler & Novak, 2010)

  14. Basics & statistics continued • Plastic waste • 31 million in the U. S. • 8% recycled • PET can be recycled for fiber for carpet and textiles (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2011)

  15. BPA -Legislation • Proposed bill • CA, CT, HI, MD, MN, MA, ME, & NY • Phthalates and BPA • Children under 7 • Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (Denehy, 2008; Erler & Novak, 2010)

  16. Important Tips

  17. References Ahearn, A. (2011). A better understanding of BPA metabolism, with Frederick vomSaal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119 (2), 1-6. Chalupka, S. (2010). Bisphenol A- A precautionary approach. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 58 (4), 168. Denehy, J. (2008). Water for sale: What are the costs? Journal of School Nursing, 24 (2), 59-60. Environmental Protection Agency, Wastes-Resource Conservation-Common Wastes & Materials. (2011). Plastics. Retrieved from Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/plastics.htm Erler, C., & Novak, J. (2010). Bisphenol A exposure: Human risk and health policy. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 25 (5), 400-407. Huang, L., Liu, Z., Yi, L., Liu, C., & Yang, D. (2011). Determination of the banned phthalates in PVC plastic of toys by the soxhlet extraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. International Journal of Chemistry, 3 (2), 169-173. Kluger, J. (2011). Little women. Time, 178 (17), pp. 46-56. Kumar, A., & Pastore, P. (2007). Lead and cadmium in soft plastic toys. Current Science, 93 (6), 818-822. doi:10.5539/ijc.v3n2pl69 Marsh, K., & Bugusu, B. (2007). Food packaging- Roles, materials, and environmental issues. Journal of Food Science, 72 (3), 39-55. Smith, E. (2008). Healthy Lifestyles. Is breast still best? How are environmental toxins affecting breast milk? International Journal of Childbirth Education, 23 (2), 12-14. Welle, F. (2011). Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling- An overview. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55 (11), 865-875. Yang, C. Z., Yaniger, S. I., Jordan, V. C., Klein, D. J., & Bittner, G. D. (2011). Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: A potential health problem that can be solved. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119 (7), 989-996. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1003220

  18. Additional Sources Carwile, J. L., Luu, H. T., Bassett, L. S., Driscoll, D. A., Yuan, C., Chang, J. Y., et al. (2009). Polycarbonate bottle use and urinary bisphenol A concentrations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117 (9), 1368-1372. Galvez, M. P., Graber, N. M., Sheffield, P. E., Forman, J. A., & Balk, S. J. (2009). Hot topics in pediatric environmental health. Contemporary Pediatrics, 26 (7), 34-36, 39-43, 46-47. Pandve, H. T. (2010). Selecting the right toys for your child is not a child's play. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 35 (2), 367-368. Schapiro, M. (2007). Toxic toys: Why Europe's children are safer than ours. Nation, 285 (14), 11-17. Trossman, S. (2011). Three nurses take the lead on change. American Nurse, 43 (1), 1-14.

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