Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D .

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 18. September2012 Tuesday Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.

2. 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1. 1. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY 1.2. TYPES OF ANATOMY 1.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING ANATOMY AS A FUTURE MEDICAL DOCTOR 1.4. WAYS OF LEARNING ANATOMY 1.5. Popular anatomy textbooks and atlases 1.6. History of anatomy & anatomy education in the world 1.7. History of anatomy education in Turkey 1.8. Anatomical Position 1.9. Anatomical Variations

3. 2. TERMINOLOGY IN ANATOMY 2.1. TermsRelatedtoPosItIon 2.2. Terms of Lateralıty 2.3. Terms of Movement 2.4. PosItIons of the body

4. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY “anatomia, anatome” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana-=up temnein, tome=to cut Anatomy means “cutting up, cutting through”.

5. human anatomy grossanatomy consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. developedindividual nakedeye Histology Embryology

6. TYPES OF ANATOMY REGIONAL ANATOMY Topographicalanatomy 2) SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 3) Clinicalanatomy Appliedanatomy SkeletalsystemLympathicsystem JointsNervoussystem MuscularSystem CardiovascularSystem

7. Organizationof the human body as major parts or segments • Majorparts may be further subdivided into areas and region. Regional anatomy Topographical anatomy

8. Surface anatomy part of theregional anatomy • knowledge of what lies under the skin • what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) • in the living body at rest and in action.

9. Systematic Anatomy The various systems of which the human body: Osteology—the bony system or skeleton. Syndesmology—the articulations or joints. Myology—the muscles. Angiology—the vascular system, comprising the heart, bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. Neurology—the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system. Splanchnology—the visceral system.

11. Clinical Anatomy Clinical (applied) anatomy emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function important in the practice of medicine, dentistry, and the allied health sciences. It incorporates the regional and systemic approaches to studying anatomy and stresses clinical application.

12. Theimportance of learninganatomy as a futuremedicaldoctor • To understandbodily function and how bothstructure and function are modified bydisease. • To interpret the images that are producedbythesophisticatedimagingtechniques, such as CT, MRI, DTI. • To understand the pathway fortargeting therapy to a specific site • Toexaminethepatientproperly • Tocommunicatewiththecolleaguesproperly http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/fulltext/2005/04000/the_importance_of_anatomy_in_health_professions.8.aspx

13. PhysicalExam Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation

14. How tolearnanatomy Cadaver: (Merriam Webster dictionary) from Latin, from cadere 'to fall'.A dead body; especially : one intended for dissection. Dissection: (Oxford dictionary) from Latin dissectus, past participle of dissecare to cut apart, from dis- + secare to cut. The action of dissecting a body or plant to study its internal parts. Etymology c.1500, from L. cadaver "dead body (of men or animals)," probably from a perf. part. of cadere "to fall, sink, settle down, decline, perish« orfromcadō (“I fall”) as a metaphorfor "I die«

15. How tolearnanatomy Prosection: A prosection is the dissection of a cadaver (human or animal) or part of a cadaver by an experienced anatomist in order to demonstrate for students anatomic structure.

16. Other materials of learning human anatomy • Anatomy models • Anatomy atlases (Pictures, drawings) • Videos • Textbooks • Charts & diagrams • Medicaldictionaries

17. Popular AnatomyBooks & Atlases MOORE SNELL GRAY’S ANATOMY SOBOTTA NETTER GRANT

18. Gray’s Anatomy for Students • Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. Mitchell • 2nd edition, 2009, Churchill Livingstone, USA

19. Clinically Oriented Anatomy • Keith L. Moore, Arthur F. Dalley II, Anne M. R. Agur • First Edition, 1980 • Sixt (the most recent) Edition, 2010, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, USA

20. Clinical anatomy by systems • Richard S. Snell 2006, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, USA • Clinical Anatomy by Regions • Richard S. Snell • 8th edition, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, USA • Clinical anatomy for medical students • Richard S. Snell 7th edition, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, USA

23. Sobotta - Atlas of Human Anatomy Single Volume Edition, Head, Neck, Upper Limb, Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower Limb • ReinhardPutz • 2009, 14th Edition, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, Scotland • Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, with Student Consult Access • Frank H. Netter • 2010, 5th Edition, Saunders, USA • Grant’ Atlas of Anatomy • Anne M.R. Agur • Arthur F. Dalley II • 2009, 12th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia, USA

24. History of anatomy in theworld The development of anatomy as a science extends from the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the sophisticated analyses of the body performed by modern scientists. It has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body.

25. The field of Human Anatomy has a prestigious history, and is considered to be the most prominent of the biological sciences of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

26. Ancient anatomy Egypt The study of anatomy begins at least as early as 1600 BCE. Greece The earliest medical scientist of whose works any great part survives today is Hippocrates (460 - 377 BCE). Much of his workrelies on speculation rather than empirical observation of the body.

27. Galen The final major anatomist of ancient times active in the 2nd century His collection of drawings, based mostly on dog anatomy, became the anatomy textbook for 1500 years.

28. Early modern anatomy Early modern anatomy AVICENNA’S CANON OF MEDICINE TEXTBOOK IN EUROPE TILL 16TH CENTURY Avicenna (Ibn-I Sina)

29. Early modern anatomy • Early modern anatomy • The first major development in anatomy occurred at Bologna in the 14th to 16th centuries, where a series of authors dissected cadavers and contributed to the accurate description of organs and the identification of their functions. AndreasVesalius De humanicorporisfabrica On the Fabric of the Human Body

30. Early modern anatomy • A succession of researchers proceeded to refine the body of anatomical knowledge,giving their names to a number of anatomical structures along the way.

31. 17th and 18th centuries The study of anatomy flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries. The advent of the printing press facilitated the exchange of ideas. The popularity of the anatomist was equal to the quality of his drawing talents, and one need not be an expert in Latin to take part.

32. 17th and 18th centuries Many famous artists studied anatomy, attended dissections, and published drawings for money, from Michelangelo&Rembrandt. For the first time, prominent universities could teach something about anatomy through drawings, rather than relying on knowledge of Latin.

33. 19th century anatomy Anatomistslargely finalized and systematized the descriptive human anatomy of the previous century. Extensive research in more areas of anatomy.

34. History of anatomyeducationin Turkey Pre-dissection period (1827-1841) Anatomyeducation given theoretically, nocadavers yet Photo fromthe Edirne HealthMuseum

35. History of anatomyeducation in Turkey Unmedicatedcadaver period (1841-1908) Anatomy experts were appointed from abroad. Sultan Abdülmecid has signed the imperical decree allowing dissections with the purpose of education. Dr. Charles Ambroise Bernard fromVienna Mekteb-i Tıbbiyeyi Şahane

36. History of anatomyeducation in Turkey Medicated cadaver period (1908-present) In anatomy education by using the method of giving chemical substance through vein, cadavers began to be used initially without decaying in this period.

37. Anatomicalposition All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to one consistent position, ensuring that descriptions are not ambiguous. One must visualize this position in the mind when describing patients (or cadavers), whether they are lying on their sides, supine (recumbent, lying on the back, face upward), or prone (lying on the abdomen, face downward).

38. The anatomical position refers to the body position as if • the person were standing upright with the: • Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly (forward) • Armsadjacent to the sides with the palms facing anteriorly • Lowerlimbs close together with the feet parallel.

40. AnatomicalVariations • Anatomy books describe (initially, at least) the structure of the body as it is usually observed in people—that is, the most common pattern. • However, occasionally a particular structure demonstrates so much variation within the normal range that the most common pattern is found less than half the time! Variations in topographic position of the appendix.

41. Terminology in anatomy .

42. Terminology in anatomy • It is importantformedicalpersonneltohave a soundknowledgeandunderstanding of thebasicanatomicterms. • Theaccurateuse of anatomictermsbymedicalpersonnelenablesthemtocommunicatewiththeircolleaguesbothnationallyandinternationally. • Withoutanatomicterms, onecannotaccuratelydiscussorrecordtheabnormalfunctions of joints, theactions of muscles, thealteration of position of organs, ortheexactlocation of swellingsortumors.

43. Anatomical terms are descriptive terms standardized in an international reference guide, TerminologiaAnatomica (TA). TA- International AnatomicalTerminology Createdby the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and approved by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, themostrecent (6th) editionwas published in 1998.

44. Many anatomical terms have both Latin and Greek equivalents. Thus the tongue is lingua (L.) and glossa (Gk), and these are the basis of such terms as lingual artery and glossopharyngeal nerve.

45. Anatomicaldirectionaltermsarebased on the body in theanatomicalposition. • Variousadjectives, arranged as pairs of opposites, describetherelationship of parts of the body orcomparetheposition of twostructuresrelativetoeachother. • .

46. TermsRelatedtoPosition • Alldescriptions of thehuman body based on anatomicposition. • Thevariousparts of the body thendescribed in relationtocertain • imaginaryplanes • 4 anatomicalplanesdividethe body.

47. AnatomicalPlanes Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes (median, sagittal, frontal-coronal, and transverse-axial)that intersect the body in the anatomical position. Sagittal= New Latin sagittālis < sagitta (“arrow”) Coronal= L. corona "crown, garland» Axial= "pertainingto an axis,«

48. The median plane, the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves. • Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.

49. Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

50. Transverse planes are horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Radiologists refer to transverse planes as transaxial, which is commonly shortened to axial planes.