Relevant Issues in effective Management of Technology

1. Relevant Issues in effective Management of Technology Dr KampanMukherjee Dean(Academic) & Professor, Department of Management Studies ISM, Dhanbad

2. Technology Management • Management of any technology from its inception to expiry, to create competitive advantage Relevant principles: • Involves all management functional areas • Technology – either market-pulled or innovation / inputs / resource pushed • Technology Life Cycle with four stages – introduction, growth, maturity and decline • Impact of scale factor – efficiency achieved over time and with increase of volume of activities / production

3. Forms of Technology advances in industry • Product Technology: Use value enhancement at customers’ end. • Process Technology: Radical change in production / conversion method for better productivity, efficiency, quality, safety etc. • Information Technology Services: IT as service provider in managing data / information for management and control of all activities of any organization, also for data handling and communication for people at large • Marketing and Distribution Services: Impact of internet and e-commerce for global marketing and control on logistics

4. Technology Forecasting • Prediction of future technology for a sector, process, or organization. • Important factors – change of global technology, technology of prospective users, socio-economic factors, governmental factors etc. • Delphi Technique – iterative method of extracting opinions of experts for reaching a consensus.

5. Technology Selection • Complex decision making process for selecting most feasible / viable technology. • Feasibility – availability of skilled manpower, spare parts, matching with upstream and downstream processes, foreign exchange factor, socio-political factors etc. • Best or most worth – financial criteria like, payback period, ROI, NPV, IRR etc

6. III. Technology (also Knowledge) Transfer • Process of sharing skills, knowledge, machines / tools, methods / process etc among organizations for increase of accessibility of scientific and technological development. • Also results in better technology diffusion • Transfer of both Explicit and Tacit Knowledge • Tacit Knowledge – difficult, more intangibles. • Key factors – behavioral expectations or awareness, cultural values • Key approaches – communication, cross-cultural teambuilding

7. IV. Technology Diffusion • Very close bonding with market related information and societal environment • Process of adopting new technology by the market / society • Existence of 5 groups of people (Everett Rogers) • Innovators – 2.5%; mostly young and educated, more prosperous, risk-takers • Early Adopters – 13.5%; young, educated • Early Majority – 34%; little conservative but open to new ideas, community friendly & socially active • Late Majority – 34%; older & less educated, fairly conservative, less socially active • Laggards – 16%; very conservative, small firm & capital, least educated

8. 5 stages of technology diffusion / adoption as experienced by the prospective adopters • Knowledge – exposed to new technology, but not inspired or motivated to seek detailed information • Persuasion – actively seeking information and details • Decision – weighs advantages and disadvantages of its use; adopt or reject • Implementation – implement the technology at a lower scale for test run • Confirmation – adopt to fullest extent

9. Product Development General steps for Product Development: • Idea Generation • Product Selection • Preliminary Design • Prototyping • Testing • Detailed Design Some relevant design tools / approaches: • Quality Function Deployment(QFD) / House of Quality(HOQ) • Concurrent Engineering • CAD

10. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) • Translates voice of customers to technical design requirements • Displays requirements in matrix diagrams • each matrix called “house of quality” • series of connected houses

11. 5 Importance Trade-off matrix 3 Design characteristics 4 2 1 Customer requirements Relationship matrix Competitive assessment 6 Target values House of Quality

12. Competitive Assessment Customer Requirements 1 2 3 4 5 Presses quickly 9 B A X Removes wrinkles 8 AB X Doesn’t stick to fabric 6 X BA Provides enough steam 8 AB X Doesn’t spot fabric 6 X AB Doesn’t scorch fabric 9 A XB Heats quickly 6 X B A Automatic shut-off 3 ABX Quick cool-down 3 X A B Doesn’t break when dropped 5 AB X Doesn’t burn when touched 5 AB X Not too heavy 8 X A B Irons well Easy and safe to use Competitive Assessment of Customer requirements with ‘A’ and ‘B’(a simple example of electric iron)

13. Energy needed to press Weight of iron Size of soleplate Thickness of soleplate Material used in soleplate Number of holes Size of holes Flow of water from holes Time required to reach 450º F Time to go from 450º to 100º Protective cover for soleplate Automatic shutoff Customer Requirements Presses quickly - - + + + - Removes wrinkles + + + + + Doesn’t stick to fabric - + + + + Provides enough steam + + + + Doesn’t spot fabric + - - - Doesn’t scorch fabric + + + - + Heats quickly - - + - Automatic shut-off + Quick cool-down - - + + Doesn’t break when dropped + + + + Doesn’t burn when touched + + + + Not too heavy + - - - + - Irons well Easy and safe to use From Customer Requirementsto Design Characteristics

14. - - Energy needed to press Weight of iron Size of soleplate Thickness of soleplate Material used in soleplate Number of holes Size of holes Flow of water from holes Time required to reach 450º Time to go from 450º to 100º Protective cover for soleplate Automatic shutoff + + + Tradeoff Matrix

15. Energy needed to press Weight of iron Size of soleplate Thickness of soleplate Material used in soleplate Number of holes Size of holes Flow of water from holes Time required to reach 450º Time to go from 450º to 100º Protective cover for soleplate Automatic shutoff Units of measure ft-lb lb in. cm ty ea mm oz/s sec sec Y/N Y/N Iron A 3 1.4 8x4 2 SS 27 15 0.5 45 500 N Y Iron B 4 1.2 8x4 1 MG 27 15 0.3 35 350 N Y Our Iron (X) 2 1.7 9x5 4 T 35 15 0.7 50 600 N Y Estimated impact 3 4 4 4 5 4 3 2 5 5 3 0 Estimated cost 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 2 Targets 1.2 8x5 3 SS 30 30 500 Design changes * * * * * * * Objective measures Targeted Changes in Design

16. SS = Silverstone MG = Mirorrglide T = Titanium Completed House of Quality

17. Product characteristics Part characteristics Customer requirements A-1 Process characteristics Product characteristics A-2 House of quality A-3 Parts deployment Part characteristics Operations A-4 Process planning Process characteristics Operating requirements A Series of Connected QFD Houses

18. Benefits of QFD • Promotes better understanding of customer demands • Promotes better understanding of design interactions • Involves manufacturing in design process • Breaks down barriers between functions and departments • Provides documentation of design process