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Unit 5

Unit 5. Topic: The Cold War (1945-1991)

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Unit 5

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  1. Unit 5 • Topic: The Cold War (1945-1991) • The United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) emerged as the two strongest powers in international affairs. Ideologically opposed, they challenged one another in a series of confrontations known as the Cold War. The costs of this prolonged contest weakened the USSR so that it collapsed due to internal upheavals as well as American pressure. The Cold War had social and political implications in the United States.

  2. Chapter 4: Korea and Vietnam Conflicts • Content Statement: The Cold War and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam influenced domestic and international politics. • Expectations for Learning: Analyze how the Cold War and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam influenced domestic and international politics between the end of World War II and 1991.

  3. Section 1: Cold War Dominates International Politics for 45 Years • Content Elaboration: The Cold War dominated international politics and impacted domestic politics in the United States for almost 45 years. The intense rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led to the creation of alliances, an arms race, conflicts in Korea and Vietnam and brought the world close to nuclear war with the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War affected international politics in the Middle East and Latin America.

  4. Review Items • NATO/Warsaw Pact alliances • Arms Race • Korean War: A conflict that lasted from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, aided by China, and South Korea, aided by United Nations forces consisting primarily of U.S. troops • Vietnam a conflict, starting in 1954 and ending in 1975, between South Vietnam (later aided by the U.S., South Korea, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and New Zealand) and the Vietcong and North Vietnam • More on these 2 wars later in tis chapter!

  5. JFK • Election of 1960 • A. 1st time campaign a lot on TV • B. Candidates • 1. Democrats • a. JFK--Sen. from Mass and • LBJ--Sen. from Texas • 2. Republicans • a. Richard Nixon--Sen. from Cal and • Henry Cabot Lodge--Sen. from Mass. • C. “Great Debates” (Pic. on page 776) • 1. 4 televised debates • 2. Answer report questions--2 1/2 min. • 3. 70 million watched • 4. JFK--younger, poised, clever answers • D. The winner.......... • 1. JFK wins in a close race 303-219 • 2. Many states were very close

  6. JFK, cont. • Background • 1. Youngest elected president--43 years old • (TR was younger, but not elected) • 2. First Catholic • 3. Naval officer during WWII • 4. Senator for Massachusetts • 5. “New Frontier” • a. make America better • b. energetic and young • c. athletic--sailed and played football • Quote from inaugural address: “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.”

  7. JFK, cont. • Bay of Pigs • A. Cuba • 1. Leader was Fidel Castro • a. At first, we supported him for overthrowing previous dictator • b. He then announced he was a communist • 2. Eisenhower stopped all trade with Cuba • 3. Bay of Pigs invasion • a. Anti-Castro Cubans wanted to overthrow Castro • b. JFK approved of this, but said the U.S. would not help

  8. JFK, cont. • c. April 1961--American supported Cubans • invaded the Bay of Pigs in Cuba • d. They thought the Cuban people would • support them • e. They were wrong • f. The invasion was a disaster • g. Many were taken prisoner or killed • h. JFK took full responsibility for it • i. Prisoners released for $50 million in food • and drugs and $3 million cash

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  10. JFK, cont. • The Berlin Wall: built to separate East Berlin from West Berlin • A. Nikita Khrushchev (the Soviet leader at this time) and Kennedy met in June 1961 • 1. Khrushchev felt JFK was too inexperienced and weak • 2. Khrushchev told JFK to get out of West • Berlin • 3. JFK refused • 4. Khrushchev threatened war • 5. JFK got the army ready • B. The S.U. responded by building the Berlin Wall • 1. Separated East and West Berlin • 2. To keep people from crossing

  11. Berlin Wall 5:00 Berlin Wall: Wind of Change

  12. Nikita Khrushchev

  13. Berlin Wall

  14. JFK, cont. • Arms race • A. continues during JFK • B. JFK builds more and more nukes • 1. “mutual assured destruction” • 2. US is now far ahead of SU

  15. JFK, cont. • Cuban Missile Crisis • A. October 1962--one of the most serious incidents • of the Cold War--the Cuban Missile Crisis • B. Almost led to a nuclear war between the U.S. • and the S.U. • C. We found out Cuba had missile bases • 1. This threatened U.S. security • 2. Kennedy told American people of the sit. • 3. He ordered the navy to stop Soviet ships • from carrying missiles to Cuba • 4. Next day: Soviet ships close to Cuba • a. Radio and TV kept Americans informed • b. War looked inevitable • 5. October 24, 1962 • a. Soviet ships suddenly turn around • b. They returned to S.U.

  16. JFK, cont. • D. October 26, 1962-Agreement between U.S. and S.U. • 1. Missile bases removed if U.S. agreed not to • attack Cuba • 2. Kennedy called Khrushchev a peacemaker • to make him save face • 3. Soviets saw Khrushchev as weak • 4. Khrushchev was removed one year later • 5. Kennedy praised for being tough vs. • the communists and Khrushchev

  17. Cuban Missile Crisis 5:29 Cuban Missile Crisis video

  18. JFK, cont. • Assassination • A. Kennedy wanted to be re-elected • B. He went to campaign in Texas to get support • from the Democratic Party there • C. Nov. 22, 1963 • 1. JFK rode through Dallas • 2. 3 people with him • a. his wife--Jackie Onassis Kennedy • b. governor of Texas--John Connally • c. Connally’s wife • 3. VP Lyndon Johnson was in another car • 4. Gov. Connally and JFK were both shot • 5. No one knew where the shots came from • 6. The car sped away to a hospital • D. Connally was seriously injured • E. JFK was dead • 1. Johnson took over as President immediately

  19. JFK, cont. • F. Lee Harvey Oswald • 1. He was arrested and accused of killing JFK • 2. He denied the charge • 3. Two days later, on live TV, Jack Ruby shot • and killed Oswald • 4. Questions: • a. Why did Oswald kill Kennedy? • b. Did he act alone? • c. Why did Ruby kill Oswald? • Warren Commission: One year later, they concluded Oswald acted alone. This group was led by Chief Justice Earl Warren. Many still question the conclusion of the Warren Commission.

  20. Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby

  21. Walter Cronkite announces death of JFK Cronkite Video

  22. OGT Multiple Choice • In dealing with the Cuban missile crisis, Kennedy ordered • A. an invasion of Cuba to seize the missiles • B. a naval blockade on all military equipment being shipped to Cuba • C. an embargo on grain to the USSR • D. a general air strike on targets in Cuba

  23. OGT Multiple Choice • Who was the leader of Cuba during the time of the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis? • A. Nikita Khrushchev • B. Joseph Stalin • C. Fidel Castro • D. Ho Chi Minh

  24. OGT Multiple Choice • Kennedy’s assassination was investigated by the • A. Southern Christian Leadership Conference • B. Warren Commission • C. RAND Corporation • D. Joint Chiefs of Staff

  25. OGT Multiple Choice • The Bay of Pigs invasion was defeated mainly because • A. Castro hid and no one could find him • B. the Soviet Union threatened nuclear retaliation • C. Kennedy refused to support the invasion • D. the Cuban people did not join in on the revolt as was expected

  26. OGT Extended Response • You have just learned about the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis. • How did this event show that the U.S. was taking a strong stance against Communism? • What do you feel would have been the result if the Soviet ships did not turn around? • (2 pts for each)

  27. Section 2: The Space Race • Content Elaboration: The Cold War affected domestic politics. It led to the Second Red Scare and the rise of McCarthyism. A space race impelled the U.S. to increase spending on science education

  28. Space Race • A. US/SU have space race • B. Another part of Cold War • C. Sputnik launched by SU • 1. 1st man-made satellite • 2. Oct. 4, 1957 • 3. 3 months in orbit • D. Sputnik II • 1. carried dog to outer space • 2. Nov. 1957

  29. Sputnik and Sputnik II

  30. Space Race, cont. • E. US reaction • 1. Vanguard rocket • a. Dec 6, 1957 • b. disaster • c. millions watched on TV • 2. Explorer II • a. Feb. 1958 • b. first American satellite • c. succeeded

  31. Space Race, cont. • 3 US afraid • 4. We feel our schools are no good • 4. National Defense Education Act of 1958 • a. $1 billion for more scientists • 5. NASA formed: the federal agency that institutes and administers the civilian programs of the U.S. government that deal with aeronautical research and the development of launch vehicles and spacecraft • a. National Aeronautics and Space Adm. • --. $4 billion to start

  32. Space Race, cont. • F. Putting men into space • 1. 1st done by SU • a. April 12, 1961 • b. Yari Gagarin—1st person in space • c. circled globe 1 time • 2. US • a. 1st done May 5, 1961 • b. Alan Shepard • c. lasted 15 minutes • d. Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn becomes 1st person to orbit the Earth

  33. Space Race, cont. • G. U.S. Moon Landing • 1. JFK challenges nation in 1961 • a. put man on moon by 1970 • 2. Apollo 11 • a. space flight to the moon • b. July 1969 • c. Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins • d. Armstrong: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

  34. OGT Multiple Choice • Apollo 11 was the lunar landing that fulfilled JFK’s promise. Who were the astronauts who were involved in Apollo 11? • A. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin • B. John Glenn and Ed White • C. Neil Armstrong and John Glenn • D. Virgil Grissom and Robert Chaffee

  35. OGT Multiple Choice • The first man in space was • A. Yuri Gagarin • B. Neil Armstrong • C. John Glenn • D. Alan Shephard

  36. OGT Multiple Choice • (Practice Test Booklet 2005) The first country to put a man in space was • A. China • B. France • C. Soviet Union • D. United States

  37. OGT Multiple Choice • As a result of the Soviet launching of Sputnik the federal government • A. passed the National Defense Education Act to produce more scientists and science teachers • B. appointed Robert Goddard to head the United States space program • C. created NASA to coordinate United States space efforts • D. both a and c

  38. OGT Extended Response • Explain the major domestic developments that occurred in the United States because of the space race. • A. Which two countries were involved in the space race? (2 pts) • B. What was the name of the Russian’s first man-made satellite? (1 pts) • C. What was the Unites States’ reaction to launch of that satellite? (1 pts)

  39. Section 3: The Korean War • Content Elaboration: The Korean War also fed into the communist hysteria of the late 1940s and 1950s. The United States was able to secure support from the United Nations fo the defense of South Korea while the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council.

  40. Korean WarPart of Containment Theory • I. War in Korea • A. After WWII, Korea was split up into 2 • 1. North--controlled by Soviet Union • a. communist • b. had no free elections • 2. South--controlled by the U.S. • a. could elect own government • B. U.S. and Soviets left Korea in 1949 • C. North Korea invade South Korea in 1950 • 1. UN said this was wrong • 2. Truman sent American troops to help • South Korea

  41. Korean War, cont. • The Korean War Lasted Three Years • A. The U.S. was the main country that helped SK. • B. Truman called it a ‘police action’ instead of war • C. Goal--drive North Koreans back out of S. Korea

  42. Korean War, cont. • MacArthur’s Counterattack • A. General Douglas MacArthur was in charge of our troops during the Korean War • B. N. Korea had driven us almost out of Korea • C. MacArthur then counterattacks the rear of the • N. Korean army • D. We begin to win, and N. Korea was near defeat

  43. General Douglas MacArthur

  44. Korean War, cont. • China Enters the War • A. China said that if the U.S. invaded N. Korea, they would join the war on the side of N. Korea • B. MacArthur did not believe they would • C. We invaded N. Korea • D. MacArthur was wrong--China entered the war • 1. 300,000 Chinese attacked the U.S. in 1950 • E. The U.S. were pushed back into S. Korea

  45. Korean War, cont. • Truman Fires MacArthur • A. General MacArthur asks Truman for permission to bomb China • B. Truman feared this would bring the Soviet Union into the war--he said “no” • C. MacArthur then asks Congress for permission • D. This angers Truman, so he fires MacArthur in ‘51

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