Theology III: Church History 2011-2012 AD Marian Central Catholic HS Mr. Pipitone

1. Theology III: Church History2011-2012 ADMarian Central Catholic HSMr. Pipitone Fr. DiTomo, priest of the Diocese of Rockford, Parochial Vicar, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, Crystal Lake

2. Oremus… (Let us pray…) Pater nosterPater noster, qui es in cælis,sanctificetur nomen tuum;adveniat regnum tuum;fiat voluntas tua,sicut in caelo et in terra.Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie,et dimitte nobis debita nostra,sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris;et ne nos inducas in tentationemSed libera nos a malo. Amen Our Father (Lord's Prayer)Our Father, who art in heaven,hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come;thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread;and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us;and lead us not into temptation,but deliver us from evil. Amen

3. Lesson 22: * The Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries- Bl. Pope Pius IX-Economic Questions- Catholic Social Teaching(Chapter 18 and 19) See The History of the Church, Chapter 18, pp. 650-698

4. Homework Begin reading Chapter 18

5. Blessed Pope Pius IX • Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, Pius IX, aka “Pio Nono” (Italian) • Pope from 1846-1878 • Elected at age 55, longest reigning pope (32 years!) • Popular: Seen as an advocate of the poor and many thought he would be a strong supporter of popular liberal political reform • Granted amnesty to revolutionaries in Papal States • permitted constitutional government for Papal States with a prime minister/ assembly with lay representatives to help govern • Worked for tax reform in Papal States • Established an agricultural institute to give advice and assistance to farmers

6. Blessed Pope Pius IX • BUT, forces in Italy was trying to push for national unify • The Pope did not want the dismantling of the Papal States (been around for 1,000 years!) • Loss of income necessary to govern the Church • Loss of independence from foreign rulers necessary for freedom of Papal See to govern Church • Pius IX’s thinking would be shaped by the violence that emerged in the movement to unify Italy • Mazzini proclaims the Roman Republic, the Pope forced to flee! Giuseppe Mazinni, a Freemason and leader of the “Young Italians” nationalist movement

7. Blessed Pope Pius IX • Pius IX writes encyclical Quanta Cura (Condemning Current Errors) with an appendix attached—the Syllabus of Errors (Dec. 8, 1864) • Note: most encyclicals are named after the words that begin them: “With how greatcare [= quanta cura] and pastoral vigilance the Roman Pontiffs… have never ceased… to nourish the Lord’s whole flock with words of faith and with salutary doctrine, and to guard it from poisoned pastures…”

8. Blessed Pope Pius IX • Clearly states Catholic position re: liberalism • Condemned ideologies and errors that challenged Church authority • Rationalism • Pantheism • naturalism • Socialism • Communism • Gallicanism • Secret Societies (i.e. Freemasonry) • Indifferentism / false tolerance in religious matters • Separation of Church and state • Errors regarding the Church and her rights • Errors regarding Christian Matrimony

9. Blessed Pope Pius IX • First Vatican Council (1870) • Pius IX called First Vatican Council in (Dec 8) 1869 to clarify and reaffirm papal primacy and papal infallibility • The doctrine of Papal Infallibility was long believed throughout history of Church, but never formally defined/formulated • Council met for only 11 months • 714 bishops from throughout the world (including U.S. attended) • only 2 documents issued: • Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith • addressed proofs for the existence of God, revelation, faith, and relationship between faith and reason; and condemned errors regarding these

10. Blessed Pope Pius IX • First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ, 1870, 4.9: • PAPAL INFALLIBILITY = • When Roman Pontiff speaks ex cathedra (from the chair)— in his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians • Defines a doctrine concerning faith and morals to be held by the whole Church • He possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy… • (Church = apostolic) • (meaning – it is a defensive charism whereby Pope is protected by the HS from teaching error) • Such definitions of the Pope are irreformable • Infallibility does not mean moral impeccability (perfection, sinlessness)

11. Blessed Pope Pius IX • Proofs in Scripture (Jesus’ words to Peter) • Mt 16:18: “You are Peter, and on this rock I will build by church, and the powers of death shall not prevail against it.” • Lk 22:31-32: “Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, that he might sift you like wheat, but I have prayed for you (singular), that your faith may not fail; and when you have turned again, strengthen your brethren.” • Jn 21:15-17 (Peter’s triple affirmation to Risen Christ): “Simon, son of John, do you love me?... Feed my sheep.” • Proofs in Sacred Tradition • Pope St. Clement I; St. Irenaeus; St. Augustine; Councils of Ephesus (431); Chalcedon (451)— In controversy against monophysitism, after reading Pope St. Leo the Great’s Tome, the Council proclaimed Peter has spoken through Leo!”; Constantinople III (680-681); Constantinople IV (869-870); Florence (1438-1445) Statue of St. Peter outside St. Peter’s Basilica

12. Blessed Pope Pius IX King Vittorio Emanuelle in portrait and His monument in present day Rome • The Italian Revolution ends the Council early • King Vittorio Emmanuelle captures Rome and forms a unified Italian nation; Vatican I forced to end early • “Law of Guarantees”: Church properties take; Pope given monetary restitution; becomes “prisoner of Vatican”; allowed “use” of Vatican and some other properties; later, in 1929, under Mussolini, independent Vatican City State created • Result of Vat Council I • Pope = • leader of Church with strong teaching/spiritual authority, • BUTno longer seen as having temporal authority A major change from the days of Pope Boniface VIII holding the two swords of power: spiritual and temporal

13. Catholic Social Teaching Above: Charles Darwin Below: Herbert Spencer • Social Darwinism • Charles Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species explains biological diversity in terms of natural selection • Social Darwinism:  Sociologists and Anthropologists would later apply Darwin’s idea of natural selection to social and economic diversity of mankind • Herbert Spencercoins term “survival of the fittest” • = Those classes or “races” of people who survive and thrive have the traits that allow them to better adapt to society

14. Catholic Social Teaching •  Applied to economic policy: Laissez faire capitalism (“hands off”) = liberal capitalism • No government intervention/regulation • Idea that government should leave business alone so that the most fit could survive and thrive Illustrations of Social Darwinism

15. Catholic Social Teaching • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Born in Alsace (border between France and Germany) • worked as journalist and witnessed social problems brought about by industrialization • Emergence of large urban working class • Widening gap between wealthy and poor • Misery experienced by workers marginalized by laissez faire capitalism

16. Catholic Social Teaching • With Freidrich Engels, Marx writes Communist Manifesto (1848); Marx also writes Das Kapital (1876) • In response to unbridled liberal capitalism • Economics = class struggle between 2 groups: • Capitalists (minority): wealthy, controlled means of production; they exploit the: • Proletariat (majority) (workers) • Violent worldwide worker revolution was inevitable  classless society • Saw revolution and communism as a necessary historical development, the culmination of human history • (in this sense, one could say, Marxist communist is like a religion because he sensed a purpose/direction to history and a phase of utopian economic salvation – [ironic since he was a materialist])

17. Catholic Social Teaching • Marx’s new world would be based on human equality, no more private property, government provides everything to meet everyone’s needs. • An atheist materialist, hostile to organized religion • Saw Church as a negative force in society • Called religion “the opiate of the masses” • The Church asks that we be content with our situation, and “carry the cross”

18. Catholic Social Teaching

19. Catholic Social Teaching • Effect of communism • Britain, Germany, and U.S. gradually curbed the excesses of capitalism through law • 20th century nations like U.S.S.R. and China, however, adopted Marx’s philosophy and had communist revolutions • Atheism became the official “religion” in these countries • Leaders like Russia’s Joseph Stalin tried to completely do away with religion • Oligarchy – rule by the few (the members of the Communist party) – became the official form of government • Government suppressed freedoms: of religion, of speech, of assembly, etc. • Marx’s utopian dream of classless society not only failed but it reaped bloody havoc and created the most Christian martyrs of any century in Chucrh history! Let’s have a bloody revolution!

20. Some final aspects of the birth of the Church in the Pentecost account Recall this slide from the first day of class: we examined the nature of the early Church as recorded in the Acts of the Apostles…. • Communal life and possessions (2:44-45) • [44] And all who believed were together and had all things in common; [45] and they sold their possessions and goods and distributed them to all, as any had need. • Was the early Church communist? • How was the early Christian community able to live a communal life and was it meant to always live this way? Communal life and possessions… throughout Church history, note how The Church has sought to understand what it means to have a shared life … and to tend to the needs of the poor… poverty in religious life… assistance to the poor… vs. materialism, economic revolution… taxation… French Revolution… communism… socialism…

21. Catholic Social Teaching • The response of the Church to economic questions and the condition of the worker • Pope Leo XIII, encyclical Rerum Novarum (On Capital and Labor) (May 15, 1891) • Called for an intrinsic human right to private property • Man called by God to use material resources for his own benefit and welfare (Rerum Novarum, 7) • The worker gains private property as the fruit of his labor • Loss of private property would cause harm to human family • “That right to property must in like wise belong to a man in his capacity of head of a family… The contention then that the civil government should at its opinion intrude into and exercise intimate control over the family and the household is a great and pernicious error” (RN, 13-14). • Reaffirmed the family as the building block of society (the “domestic church”)

22. Catholic Social Teaching • Called for a middle ground between socialism and capitalism • While condemning socialism, also critiqued the abuses of the laissez-faire capitalism of the Industrial Age • Which laid upon the poor a “yoke little better than that of slavery” (RN, 3) • Rebuked the wealthy who by their unjust exploitation of the working classes ignore the words of Christ: “it is more blessed to give than to receive” (Acts 20:35) (RN, 22) • “If Christian precepts prevail the respective classes will not only be united in bonds of friendship, but also in those of brotherly love” (RN, 25)

23. Catholic Social Teaching • Christianity with its foundation in brotherly love and respect for human dignity is the only solution to problems of modern society since justice is perfected in charity • Denied Marxist idea of inevitable class conflict: that wealthy and working classes were meant by nature to live in mutual conflict(RN, 19) • Employer and worker cannot exist without the other, they can bargain for terms of employement, but both have duties • Employer has duty • To pay a just wage (living wage) • Not to look upon his workers as slaves (“bondsmen”) and never to tax them beyond their strength nor employ them in work unsuited to their sex and age (RN, 20) • Worker has duty • to perform the work which has been freely and equitably agreed upon • Never to resort to violence in defending their cause, nor engage in riot/disorder (RN, 20)

24. Catholic Social Teaching • Every pope since Leo XIII has spoken about human rights: economic, political, and social issues • Pope Pius XI, encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (The Fourtieth Year [since Rerum Novarum]) (1931) • The 40th Anniversary of reaffirming Rerum Novarum • Written during height of global Great Depression • Food shortages/crop failures • Massive unemployment • No investments • Argued against totalitarian government (and over-centralized government)

25. Catholic Social Teaching • Argued for principle of subsidiarity • “A community of a higher order should not interfere in the internal life of a community of a lower order, depriving the latter of its functions, but rather should support it in case of need and help to coordinate its activity with the activities of the rest of society, always with a view of the common good.” • Must respect the common good • “the wage scale must be regulated with a view to the economic value of the whole people. … To lower or raise wages unduly, with a view to private profit and with no consideration for the common good, is contrary to social justice…. Wages [are to] be set up… as to offer to the greatest number opportunities of employment and of securing for themselves suitable means of livelihood… • Condemns nazism, fascism, communism • Pope declares that justice and charity should dominate • Notion of partnership should be added to wage system

26. Soc. Definitions • Communism: The principle of the common ownership of wealth; communism is often used more broadly to refer to movements or regimes that are based on Marx • Bourgeoisie: Marxist term denoting the ruling class of a capitalist society, the owners of productive wealth • Proletariat: Marxist term referring to a class that subsists through the sale of its labor power…manual workers

27. Definitions Continued • Totalitarianism: An all-encompassing process of political rule in which the state penetrates and controls all social institutions, thus abolishing civil society and private life • Secularism: A belief that religion should not intrude into secular (worldly) affairs, usually reflected in the desire to separate church from state

28. Definitions Continued • Capitalism: An economic system in which wealth is owned by private individuals or businesses and goods are produced for exchange, according to the dictates of the market • Nihilism: Literally a belief in nothing, the rejection of all moral and political principles; nihilism is sometimes, but not necessarily, associated with destruction and the use of violence

29. Definitions Continued • Utilitarianism: A moral and political philosophy that evaluates ‘goodness’ in terms of pleasure and pain, and ultimately seeks to achieve ‘the greatest happiness for the greatest number’

30. Catholic Social Teaching • Pope Pius XII, encyclical Optatissima Pax (On Prescribing Public Prayers for Social and World Peace) (Dec. 18, 1947) • http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_18121947_optatissima-pax_en.html

31. Catholic Social Teaching • Blessed Pope John XXIII, encyclical Pacem in Terris (on Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity, and Liberty) (April 11, 1963) • http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html