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The Cold War and Black Africa

Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945. The Cold War and Black Africa. Cold War, European Empire and post-colonialism. The early Cold War and French Africa 1948-1953. Impact of the Brazzaville Conference Nature and impact of the socio-economic reforms

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The Cold War and Black Africa

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  1. Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945 The Cold War and Black Africa Cold War, European Empire and post-colonialism

  2. The early Cold War and French Africa 1948-1953 • Impact of the Brazzaville Conference • Nature and impact of the socio-economic reforms • Fear of international pressures • African communism and the Cold War: - Madagascar and the impact on African dependencies of communism in France 1947 - African parties and the political process in French West Africa - the Ivory Coast evenements and the Mitterand reforms 1949-50

  3. The early Cold War and British Africa 1948-54 • The Colonial Office and reform in West Africa • The Accra Riots and the Cold War impact February 1948 - the Czech coup and the climate of fear - the effect on constitutional change - the Watson Report and the Coussey Commission • Danquah, Nkrumah and the political process -radicalism and positive action - Sir Arden-Clarke, Nkrumah and the road to the transfer of power • The nature and creation of the Central African Federation

  4. The End of the French African Empire 1953-1963 • The loi cadre and the reform of the French Union,1956 • The African impact of De Gaulle and Algeria 1958 - political reform and the French Community - impact of Guinea’s rejection of the community • Economic theories of French decolonization • Independence in 1960 and the bilateral links to France

  5. The changing African Cold War: crisis in the independent Congo • The Belgian attempts to deal with political change and African anti-colonialism 1959 • Independence June 1960 - the economic difficulties Belgium created for the independent state - the political difficulties of the ethnic and regional diversity • The force publique mutiny and Tshombe’s Katangan secession, July 1960 • The Cold War and Western reactions • Belgium sending troops to deal with the threat to law and order uninvited

  6. The UN, the US and independence in the Congo 1960 • The Cold War aims of Belgium, the US and Hammarskjold, the UN Secretary General • African reactions to the Congo crisis, July 1960 - the issue of neo-colonialism • The role of the UN and the security council resolutions of July and August - Lumumba’s fury at his subordination to the UN in dealing with Katanga - Soviet aid and the prospect of Congo-Soviet co-operation • UN failure to end the secession or secure the withdrawal of Belgian troops • The US Cold War anti-Lumumba policy • Mobutu and the College of Commissioners

  7. Cold War and crisis in the Congo, 1961-1965 • The murder of Lumumba - the roles of the Belgians, Katangans and the Congo government • The Congo secessions, the dissolution of the College of Commissioners and the US Cold War dilemma • The Tananerive summit, the Coquilhatville Conference and the detention of Tshombe • The formation of the Adoula government August 1961 and the death of Hammarskjold • Violence and UN Katangan fighting September, December 1961 – the mercenary problem -UN successes and failures • The KItona talks December 1961 and subsequent negotiations on the agreement to end the secession • The Katangan situation in the summer of 1962 - the four technical commissions on the reintegration issues - Tshombe’s continued stalling and the weakening of Adoula - US international talks on the end of secession - U Thant’s Reconciliation Plan Aug - McGhee’s mission failure and fighting in N Katanga September • UN sanctions and US military assistance end Katangan secession December-January • Nation building and the start of the armed rebellions 1963 • The return of Tshombe and the mercenaries 1964 - the US and the Belgian paratroop landing, October 1964 - the role of the US financed and equipped mercenary forces • Kasavubu-Tshombe and the Mobutu coup 1965

  8. The Portuguese Empire and the Cold War 1961-1963 • African nationalist movements operating from the Congo - the UPA and Roberto - the role of the Americans • The revolt of 1961 - Portuguese colonialism and Angola’s importance - the socio-economic conditions in Angola • The UN and the 1961 resolutions • Angolan ‘nationalism’ - the establishment of the MPLA, FNLA and the provisional government 1961 and 1962 - MPLA ideology and Neto’s replacement of Andrade December 1962 • The Azores base - Kennedy and the military’s Hot War requirements • The effect of the base on US Cold War requirements - the Ball mission to Lisbon, the Cold War role of Portuguese reform and Angolan self-determination • The UN 1962-63

  9. The end of the British Empire in Africa 1957 - 1965 • Nigeria and federation - the Willink Report 1957 and the need to strengthen nationalism to create a more viable state • Foreign Office and US Cold War pressure - speeding up the transfer of power v the dangers of going too fast - ‘Africa in the Next Ten Years’ 1959 • Multi-racialism and the search for collaborators • The rush to transfer power - Tanganyika and the need for peaceful development • The impact of events in Africa - the Hola Camp massacre - The Nyasaland Emergency and the Devlin Report 1959 - the changes in French and Belgian Africa • The Kenyan constitutional process and the end of multi-racialism • The Central African Federation problem - the increasing desirability and difficulty of a dignified departure • Britain’s global role and the advocates of Empire - Cold War crisis avoidance - African pressures and the loss of Empire by default

  10. Civil War in the aftermath of Empire: Nigeria • The Islamic North and divisions in the westernized South - Yoruba and Ibo politics • The 1966 coups - the resultant changes to the federal state - growing divisions between the North and the Eastern region in the South • The creation of Biafra 1967 - the strengths and weaknesses of the new state - resources - the significance of regional changes in Nigeria • The outbreak and course of the Civil War 1967-70 - Ojukwu’s advance - Capture of Enugu 1968 • British diplomacy and Cold War alliances • French policy and external African influences • The genocide issue and the defeat of Biafra

  11. Civil War in the aftermath of Empire: Angola • The Angolan situation in 1974 and the opposition to colonialism - the social, economic and ethnic divisions - political parties and the formation of UNITA 1966 • External factors and their impact - the impact of the Congo crisis - the arrival of the Chinese 1973 - the Carnation Revolution in Portugal 1974 - Soviet aid - Kissinger’s policies 1974 • The Alva Accord and independence1975 • Cuban assistance 1975 • The debate over who was initiating the external escalation and who was responding to it • Escalation and the entry of South African forces • The Cold War significance of Angola - Kissinger’s misperceptions and the collapse of US aid - the implications of the communist ‘victory’

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