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Governments had increased control during WWI Rejected liberalism Will of the masses dominated over the individual Obedience & participation Often radically nationalistic Could be far right (fascists) or far left (communists) Technologically savvy.
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Governments had increased control during WWI Rejected liberalism Will of the masses dominated over the individual Obedience & participation Often radically nationalistic Could be far right (fascists) or far left (communists) Technologically savvy Totalitarianism
1919: verge of bankruptcy high inflation & unemployment unhappy with terms of Versailles Mussolini’s Fascio di Combattimento appealed to veterans; used brute force & nationalistic rhetoric 1922: march on Rome w/ his Black Shirts Il Duce Italy
Nationalistic ideology Militarization Rampant sexism Education; massive indoctrination & propaganda Loyal to landowners & industrialists; NOT the lower classes Secret Police; censorship Lateran Accords Fascism in Italy
State “Corporatism” 1926: National Council of Corporations created • Guilds of employers & employees established to manage the economy • Supported by small capitalists & the middle class; all felt threatened by the rise of Socialists • Goal harmonize the interests of workers, managers and the state by abolishing class warfare. • Reality This system hampered technological progress and destroyed workers’ rights.
1919-24: Versailles’ punishments Ruhr, hyperinflation & unemployment National Socialism Beer Hall Putsch 1924-29: stability & prosperity Nazis organize & plan 1929-33: The Great Depression Nazis come to power Hyperinflation in Germany Weimar Germany
1931: King Alfonso XIII abdicated; a Popular Front formed 1936-39: Spanish Civil War Nationalists vs. Republicans Franco’s Nationalists win “dress rehearsal for WWII” Picasso’s Guernica Republican At the Instant of Death Spanish Civil War
France: 1920s: Raymond Poincare Ruhr Valley fiasco Cartel of the Left 1936: Leon Blum’s Popular Front; “France’s New Deal” Great Britain: massive unemployment Keynesian Economics Massive Unemployment The Democracies & Depression
Culture Between the Wars Mass Media: radio & cinema • BBC • Goebbels’ The Triumph of Will Art: surrealism & modern art • Dali’s Persistence of Memory • Dadaism Literature: “stream of consciousness” Dali’s Persistence of Memory