THE PRELUDE: MOVING TOWARD WAR (1901-1917 )

1. THE PRELUDE: MOVING TOWARD WAR(1901-1917) Chapter 24—Part I

2. America’s entry onto the world stage can be divided into three phases: • 1898-1917 from the Spanish-American War to American participation in World War I • 1917-1918 during which the U.S. fought in the war itself • 1919, the year that the U.S. took part in settlement crafted at Versailles

3. United States from the Spanish American War to 1917 “The foreign policy they [Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson] pursued from 1901 to 1920 was aggressive and nationalistic.” TR’s Foreign Policy

4. Steps Taken by Roosevelt to Make AmericaA World Leader in the 20th Century • Modernized the U.S. army • Established the Army War College • Imposed stiff tests from promotion of officers • Created a General Staff to oversee military planning and mobilization • Doubled the strength of the U.S. Navy

5. An Anglo-Saxon supremacist, T.R. flexed the United States' muscles abroad as no other President. His diplomacy was known as "big stick diplomacy." He prepared America to become a world power.

6. Great White Fleet T.R. had America's 16 battleships go on a world tour as a show of American might

7. Japan 21-3 The Japanese were able to escape imperialism and decided the only way to keep from being a colony was to become like the industrial nations. TR dealt directly with the Japanese, a newly emerging power in Asia: • Taft-Katsura Agreement of 1905 • Recognized Japanese dominance in Korea—a violation of the Open Door Policy • In return the U.S. received assurance that Japan would not invade the Philippines • Treaty of Portsmouth 21D-3

8. Treaty of Portsmouth 21D-3** • TR mediated the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 that totally destroyed the Russian navy. • All treaty parties agreed to: • Maintain the status quo in the Pacific • Uphold the Open Door • Support Chinese independence

9. TR won the Noble Peace Prize for his involvement. Japan received Manchuria and Port Arthur. While publicly, Roosevelt received acclaim, he found negotiations with these two nations to be distasteful and difficult.

10. Root Takahira Agreement • Japan wanted to create a Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia • TR's Secretary of State, Elihu Root, worked out an agreement with Japan that • Preserved the Open Door • Preserved trade • Protected American interests (the Philippines) in the region The Agreement checked Japanese imperialism in Asia

11. Europe (1905-1906) Germany and France both had interests in Morocco and were willing to fight for them. TR successfully defused the First Moroccan Crisis of 1906 when he told the Kaiser to back down.

12. Latin America This new U. S. policy claimed the U.S. had right to exercise “international police power” over Latin American nations when they failed to take care of their own affairs • Roosevelt Corollary 21D-2** • The Panama Canal—completed in 1914 21D-1

13. The Corollary in Action** • In 1902, Venezuela defaulted on its debts • England, Germany, and Italy blockaded Venezuelan ports and sent an ultimatum demanding repayment • In 1904, the Dominican Republic defaulted on its debts • In 1905, TR book charge of Dominican finances with U.S. officials collecting customs and overseeing the repayment of Dominican debt • In 1912, the “Lodge Corollary” warned foreign corporations not to purchase harbors and strategically significant sites in Latin America These collective policies remained in effect until the 1930s when FDR’s “Good Neighbor Policy” became standard U.S. practice

14. The Panama Canal—Major Benefits to U. S. of Canal Across Isthmus of Panama** • Shortened the journey from New York to San Francisco • Reduced shipping costs • Avoided expenses of keeping separate navies in Atlantic and Pacific oceans

15. How President Roosevelt Gained Right to Build Canal Through Panama He negotiated a treaty with Britain giving the U. S. sole right to build a canal across Panama or Nicaragua. When Colombia rejected TR’s offer to buy land in Panama for the canal, he encouraged the revolt that later occurred there against the Colombians. The newly formed Panamanian government cooperated with the U. S.**

16. Problems Facing Those Who Constructed the Canal • Dense vegetation • Mud in rainy season • Jungle creatures • Malaria and Yellow Fever

17. William C. Gorgas Medical officer from Alabama who realized that the malaria and fever bearing mosquitoes must be conquered before any canal could be successfully built.

18. By defeating the enemy the mosquito first, American efforts proved successful where the earlier French attempt to build a canal had succumbed to tropical diseases.

19. Steps Along the Way • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850—treaty between U. S. and Britain agreeing to joint control over any future canal in Panama or Nicaragua • The Hay-Pauncefort Treaty of 1901—this Anglo-American agreement permitted U.S. to construct and control an isthmian canal that would be freely open to ships of all nations • Hay Herrản Convention of 1903—this gave U.S. a 99-year lease with option to renew on a 9-mile wide canal zone; the U.S. was to pay the Columbian government a one-time fee of $10 million and annual rent of $25,000.The Columbian Senate rejected the treaty.

20. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 The newly formed revolutionary Panamanian government granted U.S. control of a 10-mile wide canal zone; the U.S. guaranteed Panamanian independence and promised to pay the same fees offered to Columbia.** TR used Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla to negotiate with Panamanian rebels.

21. TR & The Canal

22. In 1911, TR responded to criticism of his action declaring, “If I had followed traditional conservative methods, I would have submitted a dignified state paper of 200 pages to Congress and the debate on it would have been going on yet; but I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the Canal does also.” Like other milestones in the extension of American influence and territorial control—e.g., Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase—acquisition of the Canal was affected unilaterally by presidential decision.

24. TR’s Foreign Policy Ironically, TR’s image as one that subdued the dogs of war (right) was accurate during his presidency. . . but not at all the case as international events deteriorated during the second decade of the 20th century. Roosevelt belligerently pushed for American involvement in World War I and assailed Woodrow Wilson for not doing so.

26. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”** 21E

27. GOALS OF DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • bring stability to troubled regions • increase American power and profit without the use of force President Taft’s policy of substituting dollars for bullets (i.e., TR’s “Big Stick” policy). He argued that American investment abroad would help stabilize troubled regions while simultaneously turning a profit. As such, Taft encouraged business ventures abroad when they advanced U.S. interests.

28. While Taft’s domestic conservative policies led to an estrangement with TR, his foreign policy, like his predecessor’s, was interventionist.

29. In 1911, Taft helped Nicaragua obtain a large sum in the form of a loan. In exchange, the U.S. received control of Nicaragua’s National Bank. When Nicaraguans revolted against the agreement, Taft dispatched a detachment of Marines to stabilize the situation. Those soldiers remained in Nicaragua, off and on, into the 1930s. Moreover, From 1906-1909, the United States U.S. intervened in Cuba regularly As the cartoon above suggests, Nicaragua was the site of “exploding foreign policy volcanoes.”

30. Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”** 21F • Make the U. S. conscience of the world • Condemn colonialism • Spread democracy • Promote Peace Wilson sought these goals with a missionary zeal

31. Wilson was not experienced in foreign affairs and knew little about foreign policy. He was “a supremely self-confident man” who “conducted his own diplomacy. . . . The idealistic Wilson believed in a principled, ethical world in which militarism, colonialism, and war were brought under control. He stressed moral purpose over material interests. . . . [Rejecting] dollar diplomacy, Wilson initially chose a course of moral diplomacy, designed to bring right to the world, preserve peace, and stand to other peoples the blessings of democracy.”

32. Countries Where Wilson and Bryan used Moral Diplomacy • Nicaragua • Haiti • Dominican Republic • Mexico

33. Bryan, right, was an amateur in foreign relations. He trusted the common man and was skeptical of the experts at the State Department. He embraced pacifism fervently, and considered it America’s duty to help less favored nations. As was the case in his domestic policy, Wilson eventually reverted to the ideas and programs of his predecessors. Wilson intervened in Latin America more than both Roosevelt and Taft. Bryan developed the idea of “cooling off treaties”—a nation that sought to prevent international conflict by giving the belligerents, through the passage of time, an opportunity to use sense and human reason in a less emotional or passion filled environment. Bryan’s treaties were predictably naïve and failed to work.

34. Wilson’s Foreign Policy in Mexico** The liberal reformer, Francisco I. Madero (below right) replaced Diaz. By 1913, Madero—overwhelmed by a coalition of powerful opponents including wealthy landowners, the army, and the Catholic Church—was arrested and later murdered. The liberal reformer, Francisco I. Madero (right) replaced Diaz. By 1913, Madero—overwhelmed by a coalition of powerful opponents including wealthy landowners, the army, and the Catholic Church—was arrested and later murdered. Mexican president, Porfirio Diaz (above) fell from power when overthrown in 1911.

35. Victoriano Huerta Mexican general who overthrew the government and seized power; he favored the wealthy landowners in Mexico and received support from foreign oil interests He resigned in 1914. Venustiano Carranza Leader of a group in opposition to Huerta’s newly established Mexican government; the conflict led to a bloody civil war. Upon Huerta’s departure, Wilson recognized the Carranza government.

36. Francisco “Pancho” Villa A Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt against Carranza (Villa’s former leader), as well as a series of anti-American border raids against the U. S. in 1916. He was responsible for over 30 American deaths.** John Pershing Wilson dispatched American brigadier general John J. “Black Jack” Pershing to lead U. S. 6,000 troops on a punitive expedition in pursuit of Villa. Pershing never caught his prey.

37. Actions Taken by Wilson During Mexico’s Civil War** • Adopted policy of “watchful waiting” • Wilson objected to Huerta’s government based on arbitrary, irregular force rather than just rule of law • Offered to negotiate between Huerta and Carranza

38. “Wilson’s [Mexico] policy had laudable goals; he wanted to help the Mexicans achieve political and agrarian reform. But his motives and methods were condescending. . . . He interfered in the affairs of another country, and in doing so he revealed the themes—moralism, combined with pragmatic self-interest and a desire for peace—that also shaped his policies in Europe.”

39. Ordered Capture of Vera Cruz

40. The stage was set for a drastic change in American foreign policy. The U.S. stood on the verge of abandoning its time-honored practice of avoiding foreign entanglements and plunging headlong into vigorous participation in world affairs.

41. THE CAUSES AND THE COMING OF WORLD WAR I Chapter 24—Part II

42. Even after 1900, Americans had little apparent interest in foreign affairs. Celebrated political pundit, Walter Lippman, observed, “I cannot remember taking any interest whatever in foreign affairs until after the outbreak of the First World War.”

43. Statistics about World War I • war which was supposed to last 4 months lasted 4 years (just like the U. S. Civil War) • The "Great War" involved 30 nations • Close to 10 million soldiers were killed and twice that many were wounded • The advent of "total war," or war involving everyone • The war's initial purpose—to determine the fate of little Serbia—took on far greater aims • The war cost an estimated $350 billion ($3,730,890,000,000—TRILLION in 2003 dollar value) • The Old World "blew itself up"

44. General Alignment Allied and Associated Powers (49 million mobilized men) Britain, France, and Russia (Triple Entente) + the "Associated Powers" Austria, Germany, Turkey, and Bulgaria (Central Powers)—the Central Powers (25 million mobilized men)

45. Dissolution of the “Old World” • Class structure was shattered • Belief in progress was shattered • The war precipitated a revolution in central and eastern Europe which swept away any remnants of autocratic monarchism • Monarchical government was abolished in favor of democracy

46. What led to such a drastic change?

47. Root, Underlying or Long-Term Causes — Larry "Long Fuse" Lafore** • Nationalism • Territorial Disputes • Economic Competition • Secret Diplomacy/Alliances • Militarism • Festering Hostility Because of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 • Absence of any Effective International Agency to Preserve Peace

48. Nationalism • Eastern European Nationalities: Alsace-Lorainne, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Poland, or Serbs, Croats, etc. within the Austro-Hungarian Empire • Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism—belief that some better than others

49. Territorial Disputes Imperialist Rivalries • Imperialism was an expression of nationalism and/or racism • It fulfilled territorial desires • It fulfilled economic needs (e.g., acquisition of new markets and sources of raw materials) • Areas of Contention in the World • Africa • Asia (the Far East) • Near (or Middle) East

50. Imperialist Rivalries Continued • the New Imperialism differed from that preceding it in that its motives now operated with far greater intensity • a scramble for overseas possessions, colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence • moreover, in the past, imperial expansion had a limited appeal chiefly among the upper classes; in the late-19th century, it suddenly became of vital concern to almost every strata of society • the New Imperialism Embodied the Key Trends of the Period The "New Imperialism" of the Late-19th Century