Presentation by John Bosco Baguri Sumani UDS Wa Campus

1. Presentation by John Bosco Baguri SumaniUDSWa Campus During the a GGA/GGTA Conference at KNUST from 1-4th August, 2012

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Brief Literature Review • Problem statement • Study objectives • Study area and methodology • Results • Conclusion and Recommendations • References

3. Introduction • Successive gov’ts have initiated policies, programs, plans and initiatives to manage out-migration since independence • Literature surveyed revealed that out-migration has been increasing in the Upper West Region • Factors accounting for migration is a subject of debate (Suhrke, 1993, Akokpari, 1998; Perch-Nielson, 2004; Mcleman and Smit, 2006)

4. Brief Literature survey • Migration as a developmental challenge (Davidson et al (2003 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006) • No agreement on causes of migration (suhrke, 1993 ; Akokpari, 1998 and Perch-Nielson, 2004) • Neo-classical views dominate (Massey, 1993) • Environmental degradation is often mentioned as physical factors (Suhrke, 1993; Bilsboro, 1991) • Climate is hardly mentioned or only mentioned tangentially (Perch-Nielsen, 2004) • Hence the design of this

5. Problem statement • Nadowli District has been experiencing out-migration since its creations • Reasons for migration: • Economic • Socio- cultural • Population pressure • Conflicts/wars • Environmental conditions hardly mentioned • Environment-migration relations at the general level without disaggregating the various factors

6. However, climatic variables are indispensable resources for agric productivity and production Climate variability/change has been blame elsewhere for migration (Adelekan and Afolayan, 1999; Magadza,2000; Meze-Hausken, 2000 and Mcleman and Smit,2006) • Hence, this study was designed to determine the influence of climate variability on human migration

7. Study objectives • Main objective • To find out the influence of climate variability on human migration in Nadowli District • Specific objectives: • Climatic (key variables) trends over the years • Causes of migration

8. iii The relationships between climatic trends and migration iv The relationship between migration and sex v The relationship between migration and age, and finally vi The socio-economic effects of out-migration on the source region

9. Study Approach and Methodology • The study area is Nadowli District • Data sources • Primary • Secondary • Sampling techniques • Non-Probability • Purposive ( GMA and Returned migrants)

10. Probability sampling • Cluster sampling (3 clusters) • Western- Sankana & Charikpong; Central- Duong & Daffiamah and Eastern- Naro & Fian • Systematic sampling (25hh in each c’ty)- sample size of 150 • Data collection instruments: • Questionnaire administration • Face –to- interviews • FGD

11. Conceptual Framework • Climate and migration variables are difficult to bring under 1 framework (Perch-Nielson ,2004 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006) • This study modified Mcleman and Smit (2006) model with ideas from Meze-Hausken (2000) and Perch-Nielson (2004) • According to Mcleman and Smit, V=f(Eslit +ACslit)

12. Conceptual framework in response to climate variability Causes of migration Economic Socio-cultural Environmental Conflict/wars Population Modified C’ties: .Previous members Return migrants Climate variability Climatic conditions Agric performance Hsehold decision Can cope? No, Out-migration Yes, no migration Perceived favourable destination Seasonal Permanent

13. Results

14. Community Description of Temperature

15. Rain Days

16. Community description of rainfall

17. Causes of migration %

18. Destination of migrants

19. Duration of migrants?

20. Sex of migrants

21. Socio-economic effect of migration

22. Conclusion • Over 90% of the people of the study area are peasant farmers and therefore climate-dependent • Climate variability is the major cause of out-migration in the Nadowli District • Out-migration is the last resort • There is an inverse relationship between MAR and MAT

23. Climate- induced migration is affects men decision to migrate than women • There is an emerging pattern and trend of migration (destination and duration) • Out-migration is generally beneficial with minor negative consequences

24. Recommedations • Vigorous public education on adaptation and mitigation strategies • Construction of irrigation dams/dug outs • Provision of improved seeds and crop varieties • Provision of micro-credits to peasant farmers, especially women • Cultivation of non-traditional crops and livestock rearing

25. 6. Improved climate prediction and weather forecasting 7. Formulation and implementation of migration policy

26. References • Abdul-Korah, G.B. (2007). ‘Where is not home?’: Dagaaba migrants in the Brong Ahafo Region, 1980 to the present. African Affairs, 106, 71-94.  • Adelekan, I. O. & Afolayan, A. (1999). The role of climatic variations on migration and human health in Africa. The Environmentalist, 18(4), 213-218.

27. Adiku, S. G. K., Dayananda, P. W. A., Rose, C. W. & Dowuona, G. N. N. (1997). An analysis of the within-season rainfall characteristics and simulation of the daily rainfall in two savanna zones in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 86, 51-62. • Akokpari, J. K., (1998). The State, refugees and migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. International migration, 36, 211-234.

28. McLeman, R. and Smit, B. (2006). Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, 76, 31-53. • Nabila, J.S. (1974). The migration of the Frafra of northern Ghana: A case study of cyclical labor migration in West Africa .Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.