Evolutionary Discovery: Linking Humans to an Ancient Ancestor

1. ObG Watch Narayanan R

2. The next time some one says that you come from monkeys, you have a right to feel insulted, because it is now proved that you don't really come from monkeys, but ---

3. Scientists say this RAT was your Great-Great-Great-Great (…..) Great-Great-Great-Great-Great Grandmother! -Science, Feb 2013

4. Scientists have discovered after six years of research that —the Protungulatum donnae is the common ancestor to all mammals, from humans to horses to lions The insect-eating critter reproduced just like us, having a two-horned uterus and a placenta, which held the baby and provided nourishment until it was fully formed like humans or chimps

6. What is MUFF? • Definition of MUFF transitive verb • to handle awkwardly • to fail to hold (a ball) when attempting a catch intransitive verb • to act or do something stupidly or clumsily • to muff a ball — fumble A muff is a fashion accessory for outdoors usually made of a cylinder of fur or fabric with both ends open for keeping the hands warm

8. Labiaplasty Surgery to reduce the size of Labia Minora

9. Reasons for seeking Labiaplasty • Personal hygiene • Interference with Intercourse • Discomfort while walking, sitting, cycling, wearing jeans… • Cosmetic appeal

10. Reconstruction of labia minora defects secondary to trimming labia reductions is very successful using a combination of clitoral hood flaps, wedge excisions, and YV advancements

11. One of the most common female genital aesthetic surgeries today • JL Walden, plastic surgeon,Texas has done 25-50 procedures annually during past 9 years • A 2011 study in the Journal of SexualMedicine shows that male physicians are more likely to recommend cosmetic labiaplasty than their female counterparts

12. References • Mass SM, Hage JJ. Functional and aesthetic labia minora reduction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1453-1456. • Alter GJ. Labia minora reconstruction using clitoral hood flaps, wedge excisions, and YV advancement flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127:2356-2363. • Murariu D, Jackowe DJ, Parsa AA, Parsa FD. Comparison of wedge versus straight-line reduction labiaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125:1046-1047.

13. Labiaplasty Clitoral lifting Laser vaginal tightening G-spot augmentation Labia majora augmentation (fat & fillers) Perineoplasty Hands on course in Cosmetic vaginal Surgery July 2013, Athens, Greece

15. This is Barney & his pregnant ‘MOM”

16. This woman in England suffered from anxiety & post-traumatic stress disorder • She wanted her therapy dog which helped her to stay calm to be present during her birth • She didn't ask for her husband, but asked for her dog Barney • The dog was present in LR when she gave birth on 28th January 2013

17. There was a lot of backlash among British doctors who said it is unhygienic. The dog might communicate diseases. • “We should not open the door to every barnyard creature even when the mom-to-be says that she would like to have her pet at her birth”

18. But can we make a case for some, such as this woman who has a special relationship with her pet? • Or a blind woman who wants her guide dog?

19. “If we can make a case for letting men in the labor room, why can we not let a dog or a cat be there? - Art Caplan NYU Langone Medical Center, US

20. Robert Lanza

21. in 1969 Lanza distinguished himself by transferring genes from black chickens to white ones when he was just 14 • Lanza’s team clonedendangered species first

22. Therapeutic Cloning • If one can create a human embryo genetically identical to the adult, one can replace any tissue without fear of rejection • The breakthrough promises cures for several terrible diseases

23. Lanza has devised a new technique to derive embryonic stem cells in mice, which avoids the destruction of the embryo This technique could shift the moral & ethical aspects of debate on Humans A fully dressed Robert Lanza On the front page of New York Times

24. Persaud of Johns Hopkins' Children's Center in Baltimore

25. First ‘Functional Cure’ in HIV • Baby delivered on 03.03.13 at 35 wks to HIV + Mother who had no prior anti retroviral Trt • At 30 hours of age, the infant was started on anti-HIV drugs • HIV + status confirmed by PCR on the 2nd day • On discharge 1 wk later, combination therapy started

26. On Day 29, the infant’s viral load had fallen to < 50 copies of HIV per ml • five months later, blood sample revealed undetectable HIV levels (less than 20 copies/mL) and no HIV-specific antibodies. • Ultrasensitive viral RNA and DNA tests revealed extremely low viral levels. • Presently the child is on no antiretroviral therapy with no identifiable levels of HIV. • Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy within the very first few days of life to infants infected with HIV through their mothers via pregnancy or delivery may achieve a “cure”.

27. French researchers reported 14 adults who experienced a similar remission from HIV. • The patients had been off HIV medications for up to 10 years. • "I know that the U.S. term is 'functional cure’, in France, we speak about 'remission.' … The patient controls the virus, but they still have the virus." -Rouzioux

28. Vitamin D and Pregnancy

30. Vit D deficiency & Pregnancy outcome • Associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small for gestational age infants • Pregnant women with low 25-OHD levels had an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis -Syst review, Meta analysis: BMJ, March 2013

31. Thank you!