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DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH SOUNDS. I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS. A. Introduction. When we gather case histories…. Medlineplus.gov 2018**. Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the U.S. is premature A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Preemie = baby born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.
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I. DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS • A. Introduction
Medlineplus.gov 2018** • Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the U.S. is premature • A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Preemie = baby born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.
II. INFANT SPEECH PRODUCTION • Youtube • Baby cooing • (by Lamialockheart) • (the video actually shows • the phonation stage)
** • This early stimulation is necessary because speech sounds originate at the laryngeal level • However, noncrying sounds are much more important in the development of speech
These sounds are usually produced** during feeding or in response to caregivers
Infraphonological Stage 2** • Primitive articulation 1-4 months • Goo and coo happen (vocalizations produced at back of oral cavity)
Universal stages of language acquisition -- Vocal play • Youtube—4 month old baby
Stoel-Gammon & Dunn, 2017:** (not on test) • 12 consonants account for 95% of babies’ productions: • /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, w, j, s, h/
Youtube talking twin babies (reduplicated babbling) • Universal stages of language acquisition -- Variegated babbling • Laura McGarrity
III. INTEGRATIVE STAGE** • Onset of speech; may last till 18 mos. old, include first true words • Jargon: meaningful words combined with nonmeaningful babbled sounds • Gibberish: Sequenced but nonmeaningful syllables produced with adult-like prosody
IV. TRANSITION PERIOD: PROTOWORDS Adult speech babbling protowords
Protowords are** • Vocalizations consistently produced under specified stimulus conditions • Not based on recognizable adult models • Not true words
V. FIRST REAL WORDS: MEANINGFUL SPEECH** • 1. Stable—consistently produced • 2. Used in a particular stimulus context • 3. Must resemble the adult form • 4. predictable consequence (e.g., adult reaction)
Youtube example of real words • 15 month old baby girl answers Mama's questions
VI. SOUND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT** • A. Single Phonemes • Age of development: 50% of children produce sound accurately • Age of mastery: 75-90% of children produce sound accurately:
Mastery--I am very interested in this info for test 1 (p. 168)
The next slide is just for your information…** • You are not responsible for it on the test • It’s in your Simply Brilliant book
B. Consonant Clusters** • Information is contradictory • Please know the bullet-pointed list of conclusions on p. 164
VII. COMMON ERRORS • A. Liquids • B. Nasals
G. Consonant Clusters** • Obstruents: stops, fricatives, affricates (everything except glides, liquids, and nasals) • ***usually clusters are reduced to the obstruent*** • Obstruent + /w/ clusters reduced to the obstruent • tɪn/twɪn kæk/kwæk • Obstruent + /l/ clusters reduced to the obstruent • fiŋ/fliŋ gæd/glæd
Obstruent + /r/ clusters ↓ to obstruent** • taɪ/traɪ kik/krik • Clusters with /s/ + consonant ↓ to /w/, nasal, or stop component of the cluster • tap/stap pɪt/spɪt nɪf/snɪf • Three-member clusters (e.g., squirrel) usually ↓ to stop • piŋ/spriŋ kɜ:ʳl/skwɜ:ʳl
Hilarious youtube video • 5 year old tries to have a conversation with Siri • Do you hear any speech sound errors?
IX. TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT: PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES** • Researchers have boiled this down to processes disappearing and persisting after 3 years of age • This helps us know what to treat in therapy and what not to worry about