The Case for IT

1. The Case for IT Chapter 4

2. This week’s case:IT Doesn’t matter

3. Main Ideas • Competitive Advantage from IT is possible, but challenging • ‘IT Doesn’t matter’ responses

4. Chapter 4: Making the Case for IT

5. Business Case for IT • Investments in reusable, value-enabling infrastructure lower costs, improve asset efficiency and create strategic options for future growth • Investments in value-creating IT applications drive profitable growth through further cost reductions and revenue generation • Value-sustaining IT applications and infrastructure provide strategic differentiation and proprietary advantage

6. SABRE 1957 • IBM and American Airlines team up to form SABRE, the Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment. It's based on SAGE, the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- the first major system to use interactive, real-time computing -- which IBM helped develop for the military. 1960 • The first Sabre reservation system is installed in Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., on two IBM 7090 computers. It processes 84,000 telephone calls per day. 1964 • The Sabre system, and its nationwide network, is completed at a cost of $40 million and becomes the largest commercial real-time data-processing system in the world. It saves American Airlines 30% on labor costs.

7. SABRE 1972 • The Sabre system is upgraded to IBM S/360 and moved to a new consolidated computer center in Tulsa, Okla. It is used for all of American Airlines' data processing facilities. 1976 • The Sabre system is installed in a travel agency for the first time, triggering a wave of travel automation. By the end of the year, 130 locations have the system. 1984 • Sabre introduces BargainFinder, the industry's first automated low-fare search capability. Competitors sue American Airlines, saying its Sabre system unfairly gives its flights priority on the displays seen by travel agents. American agrees to discontinue any preferential treatment of its flights.

8. SABRE 1985 • Sabre introduces easySabre, allowing consumers with PCs to tap into the Sabre system to make airline, hotel and car rental reservations. 1989 • On May 12, the ultrareliable Sabre system goes down for 12 hours. The cause: a latent bug in disk-drive software that destroys file addresses. 1996 • Sabre launches Travelocity.com. 2000 • AMR Corp., the parent of American Airlines, spins off The Sabre Group as an independent company. 2001 • Sabre Holdings Corp. begins migrating its massive, 25-year-old mainframe system for air-travel shopping and pricing to HP NonStop servers and Linux servers.

9. Arguments for IT • New applications give competitive advantages • Open standards, reliable infrastructure give rise to more innovation • IT can give both operating efficiencies and business insight • Reusable modules, shared middleware, common interfaces get around traditional pitfalls

10. Role of infrastructure • Examples of traditional infrastructure • What value do they create? • How do businesses account for them?

11. Role of infrastructure • IT infrastructure • Specific IT operations (data center, network, call centers) • Support for enterprise processes (procurement, ERP, finance, HR) • Value creation • Efficiency • Speed to market • Flexibility

12. Differences of IT vs. other infrastructure costs

13. Comparison with financial options • Security option: • The right to buy a security at a fixed, predetermined price (called the exercise price) on or before a fixed date (called the maturity date) • Eg. The right to buy (up to) ten Google Stock, one year from today for $450 each

14. MedCo IT option • Business plan to launch internet-enabled remote patient monitoring business • Patients with pacemakers place device over pacemaker to collect data on rhythm, blood pressure, etc. • Data sent from patient’s home by internet to physician, family, health care providers • Cash flow expectations suggest: • $300 million investment over 5 years to develop • Positive cash flow in 5 years • $2 billion in revenues by year 10 • … but there are risks • See curve in fig 4.3(a)

15. Figure 4.3(a) Three Cash flow scenarios for MedCo Patient Monitoring Investments

16. Alternative investment strategies MedCo A: • 2 years and $150 million spent developing databases, networks, call centers • Next 18 months, proprietary remote monitoring business applications and user interface built for $25 million • Final 18 months $125 million custom installations, networking patients etc. • What if this leads to $600 million cash flow from year 13 MedCo B: • Leverage existing IT infrasturcture (databases, networks, call centers in 2 years for $25 million • Minimizes custom integration, rollout time • Proprietary advantage only lasts 3 years • Cash flow approach $1.5billion

17. Figure 4.3(b) MedCo A and MedCo B Patient Monitoring Investments

18. MedCo B options • MedCo B can also use existing infrastructure for other income generating products • Other diseases • Charging family members for service • These options are available because of inititial investment • They do not have to be exercised if the market changes • Therefore give a lower risk

19. Figure 4.3(c) MedCo B Leverages Infrastructure and Exercises Options

20. Figure 4.3(d) the Value of Leveraging Infrastructure and Exercising Options

21. Proprietary Advantage • More than just cost-cutting! • Must change competitive positioning • Successful entry into growing market or exit from shrinking one • Achieving top position in attractive industry and sustaining it • Attracting loyal investors • Very few competitive advantages are sustainable!

22. Writing a Business Plan • Two different scenarios: • A plan written for the purpose of attaining venture capital funds • A plan for reorganizing the financial structure within a company • Both require excellent writing, clear objectives and positive projections

23. Business Plan Success • Personal Introduction, visit • Find out objectives of VC • Tell story • Negotiate • Treat all interactions as part of proposal • Executive summary is key • Be careful with writing, formatting, packaging • Maintain momentum • Don’t count cash till you have it • Expect mostly no answers and move on!

24. What Investors look for • People/management that can get the job done • Innovative technology that can be commercialized • Large, rapidly expanding market • Strategy to gain “unfair advantage • Attractive per price share

25. Business Plan Components • Executive Summary • Customer Need and Business Opportunity • Business Strategy and Key Milestones • Marketing Plan • Operations Plan • Management and Key Personnel • Financial Projections • Appendices

26. Business Plan Components • Executive Summary • Business opportunity, technology, product, market, management • Proposed financing • Amount • Use of proceeds • Five-year income summary and requirements • Customer Need and Business Opportunity • Product and technology description, uses • Business Strategy and Key Milestones • Cumulative cash need and head count at each milestone

27. Business Plan Components • Marketing Plan • Customer need • Market segmentation • Channels of distribution • Sales strategy and plans • Five-year sales forecast • Competition and positioning • Operations Plan • Engineering plan • Manufacturing plan • Facilities and administration plan

28. Business Plan Components • Management and Key Personnel • Incentive compensation program • Detailed resumes • Organization • Staffing plan and headcount projections • Financial Projections • Assumptions • Five-year pro forma forecasts • Income statement • Balance sheet • Cash flow statement • Appendices • (If needed)