ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES

1. ENVR: E115 Lec 5-10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: TRENDS AND POLICIES Dr. Kazi F. Jalal Faculty Harvard Extension School

2. Suggested readings • 1. “An Introduction to sustainable development” chapter 6 (pp 157-182,softcover) • 2.” The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010” : United Nations

3. A new framework for environmental management • “ The world we have created today as a result of our thinking thus far has problems that can not be solved by thinking the way we thought when we created them” • - Albert Einestein

4. Outline of Lecture #5 • Global Milestones in Environmental Management • Development and Environment Trends • Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • Sustainable Development Policy • Sectoral Policies on Environment -Water -Energy -Forestry

5. a. GLOBAL MILESTONES

6. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1960s • The Concept of Environment Emerging 1970s • United Nations Conference on Human Environment, Stockholm (1972) • United Nations Environment Program (1975) • National environmental committees/agencies/ministries • Environment legislation & standards 1980s • UNEP’s first high-level meeting (1982) • World Commission on Environment & Development (WCED) (1984-87) • Bruntland Commission report, “Our Common Future” is released introducing the concept of sustainable development (1987) • Issue of “environment” brought to political agenda and expanded to include more than pollution and conservation issues

7. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 1990s • Children’s Summit (1991, NY) • UN conference on Environment and Development (1992, Brazil) • Population summit (1992, Cairo) • Social Summit (1995, Copenhagen) • Women’s Summit (1995, Beijing) • World Trade Organization established (1995) • Human Settlement, HABITAT (1996, Istanbul) • World Food Summit (1996, Rome) • “Rio + 5” conference convened to review the progress of implementing UNCED (1997)

8. GLOBAL MILESTONES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2000s • Millennium Summit (2000, New York) • World Food Summit (2001, Rome) • International Conference on Freshwater (2001, Bonn) • Financing for Development, high-level conference (2002, Monterrey, Mexico) • World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002, Johannesburg, South Africa) • World Summit on Women (Beijing 2005) • World Summit on Climate Change, (2009, Copenhagen) • . UNGA session 2010 : MDG Goals (2010,NY)

9. b. DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT TRENDS

10. World GDP Growth* *The Economist,July6,2002

11. Access to Water & Sanitation in the developing world* *Bjorn Lomborg (2001) : The Skeptical Environmentalist Broken lines are different estimates. Solid lines are best fit.

12. Tuberculosis in the US Source: Lomborg, 2001

13. Infectious Disease Death Rates Source: Bulatao (1993), Murray and Lopez (1996)

14. Infant Mortality Per 1000 live births Source: UNDP

15. Better Lives-Past 30 Years

16. c.Millennium Development Goals 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve Universal Primary Education 3. Promote gender equality & empower 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria & others 7. Ensure env. sustainability 8. Develop global partnership

17. Development Goals POVERTY Goal: The proportion of people living in extreme poverty in developing countries should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

18. Development Goals ENVIRONMENT Goal: The proportion of the population without access to an improved water source should be reduced by at least one-half between 1990 and 2015.

19. Development Goals EDUCATION Goal: There should be universal primary education in all countries by 2015.

20. Development Goals GENDER EQUALITY Goal: Progress towards gender equality and the empowerment of women should be demonstrated by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005.

21. Development Goals INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY Goal: The death rates for infants and children under the age of five years should be reduced in each developing country by two-thirds the 1990 level by 2015.

22. Development Goals MATERNAL HEATLH Goal: By 2015, 90% of births should be attended by skilled health personnel.

23. MDG Report of SG/UN: 2010

24. The MDG Report, New York, 2010 : “The world possesses the resources and knowledge to ensure that even the poorest countries, and others held back by disease, geographic isolation or civil strife, can be empowered to achieve the MDGs. Meeting the goals is everyone’s business. Falling short would multiply the dangers of our world – from instability to epidemic diseases to environmental degradation. But achieving the goals will put us on a fast track to a world that is more stable, more just, and more secure. Billions of people are looking to the international community to realize the great vision embodied in the Millennium Declaration. Let us keep that promise.” Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General, United Nations, 2010

25. d. Sustainable Development Policy Guiding Principles of Sustainable Development Institutional Safeguards Environmental Safeguards Economic Sustainability Social Sustainability Policy on Population Policy on Governance Policy on Energy Environmental Dimensions Integrated into other Policies Environmental Assessment Environmental Monitoring Policy on Health Policy on Forestry Information Policy Policy on Education Policy on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Policy on Disclosure of Information Policy on Gender and Development Anti Corruption Policy Policy on Fisheries Policy on Involuntary Resettlement Policy on Inspection Policy on Water Policy on Indigenous Peoples Policy on Cooperation with NGOs Poverty Reduction Participatory Development Framework Consensus Building Guidebook

26. e. SECTORAL POLICIES • FORESTRY • ENERGY • WATER

27. STATE OF THE WORLD’S FOREST: A SUMMARY Source: World Bank, 2000

28. Three principal organs on Forestry Policy • 1. UNFF (UN Forum on Forests) : provides platform for policy dialogue to foster a common understanding on SFM. UNFF-13 was held on October 2009. • 2. COFO (Committee on Forestry of FAO) conducts periodic review of global forestry policy and principles of SFM. COFO-19 held in Rome in March 2009 focused on climate change • 3.WFC (World Forestry Congress) : Advisory WFC held in Seoul :”Sustaining Society and Environment”, August 2010

29. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR • Excessive and destructive logging • Crop and livestock expansion • Mangrove forests depletion • Construction of roads through forest lands • Growing rural population migrating onto forest land • Governments tenure, taxation, and pricing policies

30. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO FORESTRY SECTOR • Reluctance of communities around forests to invest in forest management • Forest fires and pests • Increasing Intensity of floods • Loss of biodiversity and wild-life habitat

31. Core Elements of a Forest Policy • Promoting forest zoning regulations that differentiate between “protection forests” & “production forests” • Recognizing the impact of intersectoral development on the forestry sector • Restrict terms of access to timber resources • Encourage growth of high yielding species of industrial and fuel wood plantations in selected degraded forest and grasslands

32. Core Elements of a Forest Policy • Public consultations on forestry development especially with NGOs and local communities • Reorient forest agencies to play an active role in the planning and management of forests.

33. Global Energy Use and Air Pollution: Summary Source: World Bank, 2000

34. Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy • Tackle environmental issues before (not after) they occur • Utilize high-grade (low sulfur) coal for energy supply • Practice coal washing at the mines • Undertake large-scale afforestation programs to create carbon sinks as well as to enhance fuelwood supply

35. Core Environmental Elements of an Energy Policy • Develop non-conventional sources of energy (solar, biomass, wind, etc.) • Practice demand side management by energy conservation in industries, commercial & residential installations • Put energy pricing right and withdraw energy subsidy • Take all safety measures in energy installations

36. State of the World’s Water: Summary Source: World Bank, 2000

37. Core Elements of a Water Policy • Promoting effective national water policies and action programs • Investing in water resource management in priority river basins. • Improving water services throughautonomous and accountable providers Source: ADB, 2001

38. Core Elements of a Water Policy • Fostering the efficient and sustainable use and conservation of water in society • Increasing the mutually beneficial use of shared water resources within and between countries. • Facilitating stakeholder consultation, participation, and partnerships • Improve governance through capacity building, monitoring, and evaluation Source: ADB, 2001