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Scientific Revolution: Transforming Knowledge and Understanding of the Universe

The Scientific Revolution brought new theories about the universe, based on experimentation and reasoning. It led to advancements in medical knowledge, introduced new technologies like the telescope and the thermometer, and improved mathematics. Visionaries like Sir Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo challenged traditional beliefs, evolving views from the geocentric Ptolemy System to the heliocentric Copernican System. Figures including Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, and William Harvey made groundbreaking discoveries in physics, chemistry, and medicine. This period of intellectual growth and scientific progress, known as the Age of Reason, reshaped humanity's understanding of the world.

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Scientific Revolution: Transforming Knowledge and Understanding of the Universe

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  1. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION • New theories about the universe • A new way of gathering information based on experiment and reasoning. • Medical knowledge developed

  2. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION • New technologies and tools: • ex. telescope, microscope, Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers and the first air pump that created a vacuum were introduced • Mathematics improved: • introduction of the decimal system, logarithms, and analytical geometry (trigonometry)

  3. Sir Francis Bacon • English Philosopher • Scientific Method

  4. Change in View of Universe • One of the most significant changes • Originally, people believed the earth was at the center. • Using science and mathematics, determined the sun was the center of the universe.

  5. Ptolemy System • A.K.A – geocentric system • Sun and planets revolve around the earth • Earth was stationary • Celestial bodies rotated in a circle or concentric spheres • Heaven was outside the outermost sphere – where God lives.

  6. Copernican System • A.K.A -- heliocentric system • Sun is center of universe & planets revolve around it • Takes God/heaven out of the picture • Theory not embraced by society early on.

  7. JOHANNES KEPLER • German astronomer • Confirmed Copernicus’ view of the universe • Developed three laws of planetary motion • Determined planets take an elliptical path, not circular

  8. GALILEO • Italian Astronomer • First to use a telescope to observe skies • His discoveries formed bases of modern physics • Discovered how planetary bodies move in space; bodies of different weight fall at same speed

  9. GALILEO • Galileo published his work in The Starry Messenger (1610). • Catholic Church went after Galileo; ordered him to stop his work • It challenged the Church’s view of God as head of the universe. • Galileo did recant his statements, but only under great pressure from the Church

  10. SIR ISAAC NEWTON • English Scientist – considered greatest genius of Sci. Revolution • Discovered laws of universal gravitation. • Published his work in Principia • Developed calculus. • Found that light is made up of colors of the spectrum.

  11. Modern Chemistry • Robert Boyle • First person to use scientific method in chemistry. • Determined difference between mixtures and compounds. • Developed Boyle’s Law • Joseph Priestley • Identified chemical substances • Researched “airs” – ex. Nitrous Oxide, Ammonia, and Oxygen

  12. Medical Advances • Paracelsus – Swiss doctor • specific diseases had specific external causes – mostly from poisons. • Anton van Leeuwenhoek • explored tiny organisms through a microscope. He opened the door for the discovery of germ-caused diseases.

  13. Andreas Vesalius • Belgium • Pioneer of anatomy. • Dissected dead bodies to understand its make-up. • Published book – On the Fabric of the Human Body • His methods became the standard for all medical practice to this day.

  14. William Harvey • An English Doctor • Discovered how the circulatory system • Heart is the main pump not the liver • Determined how blood pressure worked within the body.

  15. Age of Reason • The period in which the natural sciences expanded is called the Age of Reason • It had its roots in scientific and intellectual advances in the 17th century, and reached its highest point in the 18th century.

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