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Biodiversity Inclusive EIA of a Hydropower Project: Case study of Narmada Sagar Project

Biodiversity Inclusive EIA of a Hydropower Project: Case study of Narmada Sagar Project. Dr. V.B. Mathur Dean, Faculty of Wildlife Sciences Wildlife Institute of India vbm@wii.gov.in. Narmadasagar Dam Project Setting. Dam height : 91.4m Dam length : 576 m

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Biodiversity Inclusive EIA of a Hydropower Project: Case study of Narmada Sagar Project

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  1. Biodiversity Inclusive EIA of a Hydropower Project: Case study of Narmada Sagar Project Dr. V.B. Mathur Dean, Faculty of Wildlife Sciences Wildlife Institute of India vbm@wii.gov.in

  2. Narmadasagar Dam Project Setting Dam height : 91.4m Dam length : 576 m Irrigation capacity : 123,758 ha Power generation : 1,000 mw contd…

  3. Narmadasagar Dam Project Setting (cont.) Forest area submerged : 91,348 ha Cultivable area submerged : 44,363 ha Villages affected : 254 People affected : 150,000 (1981 census) Source: Paranjapaye, 1989

  4. Major Objectives of EIA Study • Determine baseline status • Identify nature and extent of impacts • Suggest mitigatory measures

  5. Identification of Thrust Areas • Vegetation • Wildlife habitats • Terrestrial wild mammals and aquatic vertebrates • Avifauna • People of the area

  6. Delineation of the Study Area • Zone of submergence • Zone of impact • Zone of contiguous forests

  7. Baseline Status: Vegetation Flora Category Families Genera Species Monocotyledons 8 45 66 Dicotyledons 65 208 300 Total angiosperms 73 253 366 Pteridophytes 3 3 3 Total 76 256 369

  8. Baseline Status: Vegetation Characteristics Parameters Sub- Impact Contiguous mergence Tree density (no/ha) 549 456 369 Tree dominance (m2/ha) 11.63 10.55 9.05 Canopy cover (%) 49.84 34.57 25.47 Shrub density (no/ha) 2,762 3,011 3,182

  9. Baseline Status: Vegetation Characteristics (contd..) Parameters Sub- Impact Contiguous mergence Shrub cover (%) 38.59 46.49 41.93 Forage volume (m3/ha) 538.48 288.29 554.99 Species diversity 2.46 2.40 2.34

  10. Ethanbotanical Use No. of As % of Plant Species Species Used Ethanobotanically Medicinal 103 58.8% Fodder 51 29.1% Food 50 28.5% Agricultural implements/ 29 16.5%Households Baskets/Mats 12 6.8% Mythological/Religious 11 6.2% Baseline Status: Ethanobotanical Values 175 plants species belonging to 138 genera and 65 families

  11. Baseline Status: Wildlife Habitats Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) Study Zones Area Chital Sambar (km2) Habitat Units Habitat Units Submergence 324.3 107 87 Impact 89.7 48 32 Contiguous 300.1 170 118

  12. Baseline Status: Avifauna 209 bird species representing 52 families recorded Resident : 156 Winter visitor : 26 Summer visitor : 12 Migratory : 15

  13. Baseline Status: People of the Area Villages Under Proposed Submergence No. of Villages No. of Villages Districts Totally Partially Total Submerged Submerged Khandwa 68 99 167 Dewas 2 38 40 Hoshangabad 1 47 48 Total 71 184 255

  14. Baseline Status: People of the Area Caste Configuration Type % in Revenue % in Forest Villages Villages Scheduled tribe 37.9 62.7 Scheduled caste 23.6 14.7 Higher caste 38.7 12.5

  15. Baseline Status: People of the Area Occupational Characteristics Occupation Revenue Village Forest Village Agriculture 61.5% 82.4% Laborer 19.0% 14.7% Fishing 0.8% 2.9% Services 1.6% - Agriculture 17.1% -and Labor

  16. Methodology for socio-economic survey Methods Objective of data Number of season collection required Interview using house Socio-economichold and village condition, Natural Twoschedule resource use and (Summer+Winter) availability Case study (monitoring) Dependence on forest Threeof sample house holds and river (quantity, (Monsoon, Winterusing specially designed nature, seasonal and Summer)formats variation) and productivity of land and land use ….more

  17. Parameters Scores assigned to different categories Cattle Path Path area >50 m2 (1) 1-50 m2 (2) Nil (3) Path type Track (1) Trail (2) Nil (3) Fire extent High (>50%) (1) Medium (10-50%) (2) Low/Nil (3) Lopping Number of trees lopped >5 (1) 1-5 (2) Nil (3) Plant part lopped Leaves+branches Leaves only (2) Not lopped (3) Availability of near <1 km (1) 1-2 km (2) >2 km (3)water source Number of trees cut >20 (1) 1-20 (2) Nil (3) more… Parameters identified to determine biotic pressure in the study area

  18. Categories Fodder Fuel Mahua Mahua Tendu Fish Total Flower fruit leaves catch score Land holding size Landless R 1 2 1 2 2 1 9 F 1 3 3 1 2 3 13 1-15 ha R 1 2 1 3 2 1 10 F 2 3 3 3 2 1 14 16-30 ha R 2 2 1 1 2 0 8 F 2 2 2 3 3 1 13 31-45 ha R 3 2 1 0 1 0 7 F 3 3 3 0 2 0 11 >45 ha R 3 2 0 0 3 0 8 F 3 3 3 0 2 0 11 Score Detail 1 <50 <15 <2.5 <5 <250 <1 2 50-100 15-30 2.5-5.0 5-10 250-500 1-3 3 >100 >30 >5.0 >10 >500 >3 Dependence of people of the project area on forest based resource

  19. Impacts of Narmadasagar Project • Primary • Secondary

  20. Vegetation Associations Likely to be Impacted Zone Associations Nature Submergence Terminalia Arjuna- PrimarySyzygium-Vitex Impact Harwickia-Gymnosporia Secondary Impact Helicteres-Aegle- SecondaryDiospyros-Choloroxylon

  21. Impacts of Aquatic Vertebrates Local extinction of river otter

  22. Impacts on Large Mammalian FaunaUngulates - Carnivores Ungulates:Direct reduction in habitatChital:Loss of 99 habitat unitsSambar:Loss of 80 habitat unitsThreats to dispersal from south bank Carnivores:Territorial conflictsLocal extinction

  23. Impacts on Avifauna • Conversion of lotic riverine ecosystem to lentic reservoir ecosystem would impact many riverine birds viz., cormorants, darters, egrets, herons, storks, ibis and spoonbills • Changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation would affect the feeding ecology of birds viz., pintails, gadwalls, spotbill duck and shovellers contd…

  24. Impacts on Avifauna • Inundation of small rivers and streams will affect herons, eqrets, bitterns, water hens and kingfishers • Loss of shallow feeding areas on the banks would affect lapwings, plovers, sandpipers and shanks contd…

  25. Impacts on Avifauna (contd…) • Loss of riverine trees and shrubs will lead to the loss to the loss of perching and nesting sites for flycatchers and owls • Loss of bushes and dense herbaceous vegetation, important for feeding and nesting, may affect warbles, babblers, munias and weaver birds

  26. Impacts on Avifauna • Forest clearing would adversely affect the ground dwelling birds viz., partridges, quails, peafowls and spurfowls • Territorial conflicts in buzzards, hawks, eagles and owls may occur • Loss of old mature trees would affect bark gleaning species viz., woodpeckers, nuthatches, barbets, tits and hornbills

  27. Impacts on Aquatic Reptiles Local extinction of softshell turtle `Chitra indica’

  28. Impacts on the People of the Area • Loss of occupation, income and livelihood which is presently predominantly agriculture based • Further economic losses due to reduction in income from non-wood forest produce (NWFP) • Loss of grazing lands and reduction in income from livestock

  29. Impacts on the People of the Area (contd…) • Severe impacts on the fishing community (DHIMARS) • Further vitiation of man to forest to land ratio • Disruption in the symbiotic relationship between man and nature • Social cost involved in uprooting?

  30. Mitigation Planning • Mitigation is the act of mitigating, abatement, or dimunution of something painful, harsh, severe ……alleviation

  31. Is Successful Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of Narmadasagar Possible? $ 64,000 million question?

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