Psychology as a science & Getting Research Ideas

1. Psychology as a science & Getting Research Ideas Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

2. This week’s labs are at the library. • Milner 164d computer lab & Milner Floor 3 Northeast for use by the sections when not meeting in the computer lab (so groups can get together and discuss their research ideas). Reminders

3. Dr. Sigmund Freud Dr. Phil (McGraw) • Think of a famous psychologist • Do they represent the standard psychologist? • NO! • Psychology is a diverse discipline • ISU’s Psych Dept has 6 different groups • APA has 54 different divisions of psychology Psychology as a science

4. What is science? • What are the goals of science? • Is psychology a science? • Yes • Studies the full range of human behavior using scientific methods • Applications derived from this knowledge are scientifically based • Researchers • Practitioners Psychology as a science

5. Psychology’s goals are similar to the goals of the physical sciences (e.g., physics and chemistry) • Psychologists are concerned with the behavior of people (and animals) rather than the physical world. • How is psychology different from the physical sciences? • Human (and animal) behavior is typically much more variable than most physical systems. • Statistical control • Methodological control • Often the thing of interest requires indirect measurement (and thus underlying assumptions) Psychology as a science

6. Simplest Complex • Description of behavior • Describe events, what changes what might affect change, what might be related to what, etc. • Prediction of behavior • Given X what will likely happen • Control of behavior • For the purpose of interventions (e.g., how do we prevent violence in schools) • Causes of behavior • Sometimes predictions aren’t enough, want to know how the X and the outcome are related • Develop specific theories • Explanation of behavior • A completetheory of the how’s and why’s 5 Goals of psychology

7. Great research ideas You Barriers Where do research ideas come from?

8. Great ideas You • “I’m not smart enough.” • “Somebody else must have already done this.” • “I don’t know how to pursue the idea.” • “It’s too simple, something must be wrong.” • “The idea will take too much work.” • Do consider the practicality of the work load, but don’t be afraid of hard work. • “I’m not interested in the topic.” • Glued to your first idea. • Be flexible, adjust your idea as you learn more Where do ideas come from? Classic barriers

9. Continuum of the development of research ideas Informal Formal • Research is often driven by curiosity. • We typically study things that interest us. “This is interesting. I’d like to know more.” “We’ve got a problem to solve.” “We understand some things, but there are still questions.” “The theory says X. Let’s test the theory.” Where do ideas come from?

10. Observation • Direct observation - things that you observe: includes public observation, self observation, observing children, observing animals • Vicarious observation - what somebody else has observed and reported Where do ideas come from?

11. Observation • Common Sense - things that we all think are true • “Opposites attract” • But note: a lot of our common sense is contradictory • Absence makes the heart grow fonder • Long distance affairs never last Where do ideas come from?

12. Observation • Common Sense • Past research – find out what research has already been done and ask yourself “what don’t we know still” • Follow-up studies, expanding the past research in more detail or new directions • Improvements on past research studies, maybe you think the past research had some serious flaws or limitations Where do ideas come from?

13. Observation • Common Sense • Past research • Identify a problem – perhaps there is an important problem or issue that needs a (or some) solution(s). • WWII - why did airplanes keep crashing? • Led to development early cognitive theories of attention Where do ideas come from?

14. Focus: Is your idea specified enough to be manageable • ROT rule: • Replicable - one time deal? • Observable - can you measure it? • Testable - can you test it & can you falsify it? • Evaluating your research ideas Are my ideas good?

15. Many interesting results are not accepted until they are replicated • Cold fusion - a potential answer to our energy needs • The results were never replicated and are not generally accepted by the scientific community • Extrasensory perception (ESP) • Some proponents claim that ESP only occurs under certain unknown conditions and that it is impossible to predict when the conditions are right. Replication

16. Do dogs think like humans? • Since we can’t directly observe a dog’s thoughts, we can only make inferences about their thoughts via their behavior • Is my experience of the color blue the same as yours? • Many interesting questions may not be examined experimentally because they aren’t observable (either directly or indirectly). Observable

17. Other hypotheses may not have objective testability (e.g., imaginary events) • What if the dinosaurs hadn’t become extinct? Testable

18. Getting the idea • How do people remember things? • This is a pretty big question • To begin to answer it we’ve got to FOCUS • Break the general idea down into smaller more specific ideas • Develop theories as to how & why • Then we can begin using experiments to test parts of the theories Example: A research idea

19. Focusing the idea • What does memory involve? • Encoding - getting the memories in • Storage - keeping the memories • Retrieval - getting the memories out • Are all kinds of memory the same? • Procedural vs. declarative memories • Pictures vs. words • How long do memories last? Example: A research idea

20. Evaluating the idea (ROT) • Can we re-do the experiments, do we get similar results? • How do we observe memory? • Recall tests, recognition tests, “brain waves,” ,,, • Are our predictions testable? • Reading the literature will help greatly with evaluating research ideas Example: A research idea

21. Why do a review of the literature? • What is the literature? • How do you search the literature? • Guest lecturer: Bruce Stoffel, psychology librarian, in labs Th & Fri Reviewing the literature

22. What are the underlying motivations for doing a review of the literature? • Getting ideas. • What has been done, what hasn’t been done? • Understanding the relevant theories. • What variables are important? • Avoid past mistakes. Why review the literature

23. Primary Sources - essentially reading the original report • Journal articles • Edited books (sometimes) • Professional meetings • Electronic publishing (fairly new, pluses and minuses) • Faculty members & other personal communications • Secondary Sources - reading a report of the report • Literature Reviews • Psychological Bulletin, Annual Review of Psychology • Text books • Citations in books and articles What is the literature?

24. Secondary Sources: Advantages: Good starting place Often reviews a lot of relevant literature Relatively brief descriptions Disadvantages: Somebody else’s description May be incorrect May be biased Not enough detail What is the literature?