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EnerGY : SPACECRAFT ENGINEERING & SCIENCE

EnerGY : SPACECRAFT ENGINEERING & SCIENCE. Kelly L. Perry NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory University of Southern California Kelly.L.Perry@jpl.nasa.gov. ENGINEERING ENERGY. MISSION PHASES LAUNCH CRUISE TOUR SPACECRAFT POWER INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE. Cassini Spacecraft.

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EnerGY : SPACECRAFT ENGINEERING & SCIENCE

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  1. EnerGY: SPACECRAFT ENGINEERING & SCIENCE Kelly L. Perry NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory University of Southern California Kelly.L.Perry@jpl.nasa.gov

  2. ENGINEERING ENERGY • MISSION PHASES • LAUNCH • CRUISE • TOUR • SPACECRAFT POWER • INSTRUMENTATION • SCIENCE

  3. Cassini Spacecraft • Cassini is 22 ft tall and 13 ft wide • Weighs more than 10,000 pounds • 12 Science Instruments • Scientists and engineers from 17 different countries worked together to build Cassini • Launched in 1997 and began to orbit Saturn in July 2004 • 2 million mile journey • Spacecraft travels at speeds between 2-12 miles per second • Around the Rose Bowl Loop in 1-4 times per second

  4. LAUNCH • Energy for launch was obtained by combustion of chemical propellants • Used Titan IVB/Centaur • 2.2 million pounds at launch • 2 solid-propellant stage-zero motors, a liquid propellant 2-stage core and a 16.7ft diameter payload fairing • Cassini required upgraded solid rocket boosters and a Centaur high-energy stage • Launched from Cape Canaveral on Oct 15, 1997 If Cassini were launched from the equator, would it have required more or less energy?

  5. CRUISE • Rocket was most powerful available, but it wasn’t good enough • GRAVITY ASSISTS were needed • Used since the 1970s • Increases Cassini’s sun-relative speed by using gravity during fly-bys • Require 3 bodies: spacecraft, assisting body and central body • Example: Cassini, Venus and the sun

  6. TOUR • Propellant used to change trajectory • Gravity Assists Continue: Cassini, Titan, Saturn • Titan is Saturn’s largest moon. • Larger than Mercury • Has an atmosphere (Nitrogen) that resembles Earth several billion years ago • Do Gravity Assists violate the Law of the Conservation of Energy? • What is the cost of the energy gained?

  7. SPACECRAFT POWER • Cassini obtains its power from 3 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) • NOT NUCLEAR REACTORS • DO NOT USE FISSION OR FUSION • Provide power through the natural radioactive decay of plutonium • Pu-238 (non-weapons grade isotope) • Heat generated by decay is converted to electricity • Power is a negotiated resource on the spacecraft!!!

  8. INSTRUMENTATION • Optical Remote Sensing • Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) • Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) • Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) • Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) • Fields, Particles and Waves • Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) • Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) • Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) • Magnetometer (MAG) • Magnetospheric Imagining Instrument (MIMI) • Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) • Microwave Remote Sensing • RADAR • Radio Science (RSS)

  9. SCIENCE: PAC-MAN FEVER

  10. SCIENCE: TITAN RADAR confirmed existence of large lakes & rivers (images from saturn.jpl.nasa.gov) Side-by-Side comparison of largest lake found on Titan (22 Feb 2007) and Lake Superior

  11. Saturn’s Rings Overview • Main rings would span from the Earth to the Moon • The rings are only half of a mile thick • Composed of Ice, Rocks and Dirt • Particles the size of dust to mountains • The Rings are still growing • The E-Ring is fed by eruptions from Enceladus

  12. SCIENCE: WAVES IN Rings

  13. SCIENCE: WAKES IN RINGS

  14. SCIENCE: Prometheus • Shepherding satellite, constraining the inner edge of the F-Ring • Irregular shape: 12.4 mi in diameter • Probably a porous ice body

  15. SCIENCE: ENCELADUS 27 November 2005: Jets of Icy Particles burst from Enceladus

  16. Searching for Life: Ocean Color • Green Flagellates: 440 and 665 nm • Diatoms: 440, 500-540 nm • Dinoflagellates: 440, 500-540 nm • Cyanobacteria: 440, 495, 600-640 nm

  17. Searching for Life Marine Mammal Care Center in San Pedro www.marinemammalcare.org

  18. Harmful Algal Blooms • DOMOIC ACID Poisoning • aka Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning • Toxin released by Pseudo-nitzschia (Photos provided by Robin Riggs, 2005)

  19. Harmful Algal Blooms • HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HAB) occurs when toxic algae grow too quickly • Not all algae or algal blooms are toxic! Non-Toxic Red Tide in New Zealand (image from www.whoi.edu/redtide/) • Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are trickier! • They’re invisible!

  20. HABs of SoCal

  21. HABs of SoCal

  22. CLIMATE SIGNAL • During El Nino events, sea level and SST in California are higher than normal. • Thermocline deepens • Northward flow brings low nutrient waters • Lower Phytoplankton due to less nutrients • Time for RADAR!!!

  23. EL NINO DEMO TIME!!!

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