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Bryony Hoskins, Magdalini Kolokitha & Germ Janmaat LLAKES, Institute of Education

Young peoples' beliefs and perception of gender inequality: Motivators or 'breaks' on active citizenship?. Bryony Hoskins, Magdalini Kolokitha & Germ Janmaat LLAKES, Institute of Education. Introduction. Societies are unequal and this has negative consequences on social cohesion (Wilkinson)

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Bryony Hoskins, Magdalini Kolokitha & Germ Janmaat LLAKES, Institute of Education

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  1. Young peoples' beliefs and perception of gender inequality: Motivators or 'breaks' on active citizenship? Bryony Hoskins, Magdalini Kolokitha & Germ Janmaat LLAKES, Institute of Education

  2. Introduction • Societies are unequal and this has negative consequences on social cohesion (Wilkinson) • Investigate mechanisms of how values and behaviours are developed • Gender equality

  3. What drives the need to act to create a socially just society? • The Environment? • Debates on modernization thesis, civic culture, feminist political orientation • (Basic assumption) Environment – Values – Behaviour • (Lundmark) Reflection of the real situation as things become more equal there is less awareness of inequality but greater belief in equality • Feminist beliefs in both men and women increased interest in political and social change and the women and men with the reverse traditional beliefs less likely to participate

  4. What drives the need to act to create a socially just society? • Perceiving or believing inequality? • Debates system beliefs in Meritocracy and the Just World

  5. What drives the need to act to create a socially just society? • Interaction between culture and social class • Frazer

  6. Terminology • Perceptions of inequalities = The individual’s everyday reality of inequalities. Their perception is based on their own experiences and observing others • Equality as a Value = The abstract belief in equality. The Ideal situation which they believe should exist between different social groups and individuals

  7. Data Source IEA 1999 CIVED study 28 countries 3000 students/ country Grade 8 students in schools Tests knowledge and skills Questionnaire on attitude and values towards citizenship related topics

  8. 1. Perceptions Items 2. Beliefs

  9. Positive beliefs in G. Equality Groupings (by Gender) Strongly agree Egalitarian – dis-satisfied Egalitarian- satisfied High perceptions of G. inequality Traditional – satisfied Traditionalist – dis-satisfied Strongly disagree

  10. Perceptions & beliefs categories

  11. Cross Country Differences Similar pattern of results across countries • Higher numbers of the egalitarian-dis boys and girls in Sweden • Lowest numbers egalitarian-dis boys and girls in Russia (and then other former communist countries) and the highest number of traditional boys and girls are there.

  12. Correlation with Gender Equality Index • In countries with higher levels of equality there was a greater belief in equality 0.062** and a higher level of the perceptions of inequalities 0.035** • GDP positive correlation only with beliefs in gender equality 0.076**

  13. Egalitarian-dis-satisfiedand satisfied girls above the mean • Egalitarian-dis-satisfiedboys below the mean • Traditional-satisfied boys above the mean Social background of groups The total mean is 4.23 Social background measured by the number of books at home

  14. Active Citizenship Active citizenship: Participation in civil society, community and/or political life, characterised by mutual respect and non-violence and in accordance with human rights and democracy. • Index of Participatory Attitudes 5 IRT scales • Internal political efficacy, expectation of community participation, expected participation in political activities, self-confident participation in schools, and expectations associated with voting • Cronbach alpha 0.652

  15. Perceptions & Beliefs and active citizenship

  16. Perceptions & Beliefs and active citizenship

  17. Summary For both Girls and boys: • Young people mostly believe in gender equality but the perceptions of inequalities are lower. • A belief in meritocracy/ just world

  18. Summary • The interaction between cultural and economic inequalities is important - social background of individuals’ has influenced perceptions and beliefs. • For girls it was those from a higher social background who believed in gender equality • The egalitarian-dis-satisfied had the highest social background • Boys different, only the egalitarian-satisfied group have an above average social background.

  19. Summary • Limited evidence to support the environment hypothesis • Association is between equality and higher perceptions • Reverse case of Sweden • GDP correlates with a belief in equality. However, it has no association with perceptions. • The alternative hypothesis, that perceptions are influencing the environment.

  20. Conclusion • Individuals who perceive inequalities and believe in gender equality highest association with participatory attitudes • Further evidence that perceptions are influencing the behaviour which then could lead to changes in the environment

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