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Plants

Plants. Characteristics of all plants . Are producers and use photosynthesis to make their own food Most are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll Have eukaryotic cells Have a true nucleus Have cell walls. Have a cuticle

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Plants

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  1. Plants

  2. Characteristics of all plants • Are producers and use photosynthesis to make their own food • Most are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll • Have eukaryotic cells • Have a true nucleus • Have cell walls

  3. Have a cuticle • A waxy layer that covers the parts of a plant that are exposed to air like leaves and stems • Is an adaptation for living on land that keeps plants from drying out

  4. Plant Classification 1) Non-vascular plants • Do not have tissues to transport water and nutrients • Depend on diffusion and osmosis to supply their cells with nutrients • Cannot grow very tall • Are usually found in moist places • Ex) mosses and liverworts

  5. Liverwort Moss

  6. 2) Vascular plants • Have tube-like structures that transport water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant • Are divided into two groups • Those that produce seeds • Divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms • Those that do not produce seeds • Ex) ferns, club mosses and horsetails

  7. PLANT CLASSIFICATION Non-vascular Vascular Seeds No Seeds Gymnosperms Angiosperms

  8. Examples Seedless Vascular Nonvascular Dicot Angiosperm Gymnosperm Monocot

  9. NON-VASCULAR PLANTS Rhizoidsare thin, root-like structures. They anchor the plant. They aren't considered true roots, though, because they lack vascular tissue.

  10. The Fern - a seedless vascular plant There are 11,000 species of ferns. • Contain a vascular system. • They grow in moist, shady habitats. • Has underground stems, roots, & large leaves called fronds. • Reproduce using spores, not seeds.

  11. fiddlehead frond

  12. Seed • A structure that contains a plant embryo and a supply of food inside a protective covering

  13. Gymnosperms • Group of vascular plants • Do not produce flowers • Their seeds are not enclosed by a fruit

  14. Sequoia Gymnosperms-Conifers • Most common gymnosperms are Conifers • Conifers have leaves called needles or scales have a reduced surface area and thick waxy coat on the needle to reduce water loss and prevents freezing. Juniper Pine

  15. Conifer Reproduction • Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggsand seeds. • Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind. • Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Seed Cone Pollen Cone

  16. Angiosperms • Known as flowering plants • Produce seeds within a fruit • Include fruit trees, roses, corn, grass and oak trees • Are divided into two groups: monocots and dicots (based on number of cotyledons) • Cotyledon: an embryonic leaf inside the seed

  17. Monocot characteristics

  18. Dicot characteristics

  19. Parts of The Plant

  20. Functions of the Stem • Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves • Supports leaves, fruit, and flowers • Food storage

  21. Leaves

  22. Important Functions of Leaves • Photosynthesis • Process that plants use to produce their food • 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Transpiration • Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide

  23. Leaf Parts • Blade • Main body of leaf • Petiole • Attaches blade to stem • Midrib • Large central vein

  24. Apex • Tip of leaf • Base • Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem • Margin • Edge of leaf

  25. Epidermis • “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange • Stomata • Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange • Mesophyll • Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs

  26. Structure Wide Helps to catch more light energy Thin Help get carbon dioxide from bottom to top of leaf for photosynthesis

  27. Leaf structure Greener on top CO2 gets in here

  28. Leaf diagram – palisade layer Most chlorophyll CO2

  29. Leaf cell - palisade Position? Upper surface of leaf Features? Box shape Chloroplasts Function? Photosynthesis

  30. Gas exchange • Leaves are designed to allow carbon dioxide to get to the main chlorophyll layer at the top of the leaf • They have small holes called stomata on the under surface • Each hole is open & closed by 2 guard cells

  31. Stoma position

  32. Stoma is a small hole Its size is controlled by 2 guard cells closed open

  33. Stoma function is for gas exchange in the leaf oxygen Guard cell Provided plant is photosynthesising Carbon dioxide

  34. Stomata open and close at different times of the day When it is light the plant needs CO2 for photosynthesis so the stoma open At night (darkness) they close

  35. Gas exchange

  36. Root Functions Roots have 4 primary functions • Absorption of water and nutrients • performed by root hairs • Transportation of water and nutrients to stem • Anchor plant to maintain stability • Store food and water

  37. Parts of the Root • Epidermis • Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root • Cortex • Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root

  38. Root Types Tap Root 1. Fibrous Roots:branching roots hold soil in place to prevent soil erosion Ex. Grasses 2. Tap Roots –larger central root reaches deep water sources underground Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions

  39. Can you identify these root types?

  40. Parts of a flower

  41. Flower Function • Flowers are pollinated by: • Wind • Insects • Birds Sexual Reproduction!!!!

  42. Flower Parts • Pistil: female reproductive structure • Stigma: sticky tip; traps pollen • Style: slender tube; transports pollen from stigma to ovary • Ovary: contains ovules;ovary develops into fruit • Ovule: contains egg cell which develops into a seed when fertilized

  43. Flower Parts • Stamen: male reproductive structure • Filament: thin stalk; supports anther • Anther: knob-like structure; produces pollen • Pollen: contains microscopic cells that become sperm cells

  44. Reproductive Organs Close up of stigma, style and anthers in a tulip

  45. Flower Parts • Petals • Highly colored part of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands • Sepals • Small green structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud

  46. Parts of the flower becomes the fruit becomes the seed

  47. Fruit • A ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds • Function: to hold and protect the seeds • Ex) corn, peach, tomato, pea, apple

  48. Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant. • Winged fruit – glides to new location (maple fruit) • Floating fruit – can float to new locations (coconut) • Fleshy fruit - sweet bright colored fruit have seeds that survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple) • Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to the fur of animals (cockleburs)

  49. Maple seeds: Winged fruit Burdock: Spiny fruit

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