DNA RNA PROTEIN

1. DNA RNA PROTEIN EOC REVIEW

2. DNA • What 2 components make up the DNA backbone? • What 3 components make up a nucleotide? • What are the rungs of the ladder?

3. DNA • What 2 components make up the DNA backbone? (Sugar/ Phosphate) • What 3 components make up a nucleotide? (Sugar, Phosphate, 1 N Base) • What are the rungs of the ladder? (Nitrogen base pairs w/ Hydrogen bonds)

4. Base Pairing • A – T • G – C • Write the complementary strand for this sequence. • CGC TTA ATG CGA TGA

5. Base Pairing • A – T • G – C • Write the complementary strand for this sequence. • CGC TTA ATG CGA TGA • GCG AAT TAC GCT ACT

6. Question • Suppose a section of DNA has a total of 100 nucleotides in both strands. Of these, 20 have adenine bases. How many of those 100 nucleotides have the following: • Thymine (T) bases: • Cytosine (C) bases: • Guanine (G) bases:

7. Question • Suppose a section of DNA has a total of 100 nucleotides in both strands. Of these, 20 have adenine bases. How many of those 100 nucleotides have the following: • Thymine (T) bases: *Since there’s 20 A, there must be 20- T Then 100-20 (A)- 20 (T) = 60 bases left • Cytosine (C) bases: has to be 30 • Guanine (G) bases: has to be 30

8. Replication • Describe where each strand of DNA from parent molecule ends up. • What is the main enzyme involved in this process?

9. Replication • Describe where each strand of DNA from parent molecule ends up. one original/ parent strand is part of each new strand • What is the main enzyme involved in this process? • DNA polymerase

10. Gene Expression • Put the symbols in the correct order: REPLICATION DNA PROTEIN TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION RNA

11. Gene Expression • Put the symbols in the correct order: TRANSCRIPTION DNA REPLICATION RNA TRANSLATION PROTEIN

12. Transcription • RNA polymerase converts DNA to mRNA • A-U • G-C • Convert the following DNA strand to RNA • CGA AAA TGC ATT

13. Transcription • RNA polymerase converts DNA to mRNA • A-U • G-C • Convert the following DNA strand to RNA • CGA AAA TGC ATT • GCU UUU ACG UAA

14. Translation • mRNA encoded into amino acids

15. Mutations • Mutations: mistakes in DNA replication • Point mutations • Substitution • Deletion • Insertion • Chromosomal mutations • Inversions • Translocations

16. Mutation Examples SUBSTITUTION JEN PET THE WET DOG Sub first E for A JAN PET THE WET DOG INSERTION Insert Z in first word JZE NPE TTH EWE TDO Which is worse for the cell, a substitution or insertion?

17. Mutation Examples SUBSTITUTION JEN PET THE WET DOG Sub first E for A JAN PET THE WET DOG INSERTION Insert Z in first word JZE NPE TTH EWE TDO Which is worse for the cell, a substitution or insertion? An insertion affects every letter/ pair past the mutation; a base substitution only affects one pair

18. Mutation Examples INVERSIONS JEN PET THE WET DOG Flip “THE WET” and put it back in JEN PET TEW EHT DOG TRANSLOCATION JEN PET THE WET DOG DAN RAN ALL DAY JEN / PET THE WET DOG DAN RAN / ALL DAY JEN / ALL DAY DAN RAN / PET THE WET DOG

19. Causes and Effects of Mutations • Cause: • Radiation • Chemicals • Excessive heat • Effects: • Somatic cells: only affects organism • Gametic cells: can be passed to offspring • Some are actually beneficial • Important source of variation

20. Practice Questions • DNA molecules must unwind and then separate for replication and expression. Which of these happens when the DNA molecule comes apart? a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken. d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken.

21. Practice Questions • DNA molecules must unwind and then separate for replication and expression. Which of these happens when the DNA molecule comes apart? a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken. d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken.

22. Practice Questions 2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of molecule is produced? a. DNA b. carbohydrate c. phospholipid d. protein

23. Practice Questions 2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of molecule is produced? a. DNA b. carbohydrate c. phospholipid d. protein

24. Practice Questions 3. Which of the following gives the most accurate description of the gene expression process? a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino acid c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid  protein d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino acid

25. Practice Questions 3. Which of the following gives the most accurate description of the gene expression process? a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino acid c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid  protein d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino acid

26. Practice Questions 4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50 nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of the bases are adenine. How many of the bases are cytosine? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

27. Practice Questions 4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50 nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of the bases are adenine. How many of the bases are cytosine? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

28. Practice Questions 5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base into a DNA strand as shown blow. T TAA GGT ACG CAT Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand? a. ATT CCA TAG CGT b. AUU CCA UAG CGU c. ATT CCA TGC GTA d AUU CCA UGC GUA

29. Practice Questions 5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base into a DNA strand as shown blow. T TAA GGT ACG CAT Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand? a. ATT CCA TAG CGT b. AUU CCA UAG CGU c. ATT CCA TGC GTA d AUU CCA UGC GUA

30. Answers To The Questions Follow!!

31. Practice Questions • DNA molecules must unwind and then separate for replication and expression. Which of these happens when the DNA molecule comes apart? a. The weak bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. b. The strong bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone are broken. c. The weak bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken. d. The strong bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs are broken.

32. Practice Questions 2. When the genes encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid are expressed, what type of molecule is produced? a. DNA b. carbohydrate c. phospholipid d. protein

33. Practice Questions 3. Which of the following gives the most accurate description of the gene expression process? a. DNA  tRNA  mRNA  amino acid  protein b. DNA  anticodon  codon  tRNA  amino acid c. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  amino acid  protein d. DNA  mRNA  tRNA  codon  amino acid

34. Practice Questions 4. A double-stranded segment of DNA is 50 nucleotides long along each strand. Thirty of the bases are adenine. How many of the bases are cytosine? a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

35. Practice Questions 5. Suppose that a point mutation inserts a thymine base into a DNA strand as shown blow. T TAA GGT ACG CAT Which represents the DNA strand that is complementary to the first 12 bases of the mutated strand? a. ATT CCA TAG CGT b. AUU CCA UAG CGU c. ATT CCA TGC GTA d AUU CCA UGC GUA